ReviewJournal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association2023
Use of human milk and fortification in the NICU.
Review in Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Nutritional management of neonates who undergo major surgery for gastrointestinal disorders: a joint position paper of the Italian Society of Neonatology (SIN), the Italian Society of Pediatric Surgery (SICP), and the Italian Society of Pediatric Nutrition (SINUPE).Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Guideline
- Absence of Evidence of Beneficial Effects of Human Milk-Based Fortifier: A Bayesian Model-Averaged Meta-Analysis.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Pooled it
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of enteral protein intake effects on growth in preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2025Pooled it
- Severity of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Infants Born Extremely Preterm and Randomized to Early Human Milk Fortification with a Donor Milk-Derived Fortifier for 2 Weeks.The Journal of pediatrics · 2025Trial
- Adjusted versus Targeted Fortification in Extremely Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants: Fortin Study-A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Association between nonacidified standard and high-protein human milk fortifiers and increased weight velocity relative to acidified human milk fortifiers in preterm infants: A retrospective cohort study.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2026Article
- Improved Growth Velocity Using a New Liquid Human Milk Fortifier in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Multicenter, Retrospective Study.American journal of perinatology · 2025Article
- Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Comprehensive Review on Toll-like Receptor 4-Mediated Pathophysiology, Clinical, and Therapeutic Insights.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Prevention Strategies and Management of Necrotizing Enterocolitis.Current treatment options in pediatrics · 2024Article
- COMMENTARY: Searching for biomarkers and regulators of growth in very preterm infants with new fortifiers.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Science and Faith to Understand Milk Bioactivity for Infants.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Supplementing human milk for preterm infants: a nutritional challenge?Pediatric research · 2024Article
- Breast milk preservation: thermal and non-thermal processes and their effect on microorganism inactivation and the content of bioactive and nutritional compounds.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Review
- Beyond survival: the lasting effects of premature birth.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard to provide nutritional support for all healthy and sick newborn infants including the very low birth weight (VLBW) infant (<1500 g). It has both nutritional and anti-infective properties which are especially important for these infants at risk for sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Human milk alone is insufficient to meet the nutritional needs for VLBW infants, especially protein and minerals. There is a conundrum between achieving the nutritional, immunologic, developmental, psychological, social, and economic benefit with human milk vs. the inadequate growth with unfortified human milk for VLBW leading to nutritional inadequacy, growth failure and poor neurodevelopmental outcome. The use of multicomponent fortifiers to increase calories and provide additional protein, vitamins, and minerals has been associated with short-term benefits in growth. Most current fortifiers are derived from cow's milk, however there are concerns regarding a possible association between the use of cow's milk-based fortifier and NEC. There is also an exclusive human milk diet with a fortifier derived solely from human milk. There are three approaches for fortifying human milk and include fixed dosage or "blind fortification", adjustable fortification using the blood urea nitrogen as a surrogate for protein nutriture to modify dosage of fortification, and targeted, individualized fortification that is based on periodic human milk analysis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
36257977What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.