ArticlePloS one2022
The interleukin-6/interleukin-23/T helper 17-axis as a driver of neuro-immune toxicity in the major neurocognitive psychosis or deficit schizophrenia: A precision nomothetic psychiatry analysis.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pilot study indicates that a gluten-free diet lowers oxidative stress for gluten-sensitive persons with schizophrenia.Schizophrenia research · 2024Trial
- Memory and learning impairments in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia: a scoping review.Postepy psychiatrii neurologii · 2026Review
- Interplay between Peripheral and Central Nervous System Myeloid Cells during Aging: Impact for Lade-Life Depression and Alzheimer's Disease.Neuroimmunomodulation · 2026Review
- From Genome-Wide SNPs to Neuroimmune Crosstalk: Mapping the Genetic Landscape of IBD and Its Brain Overlap.Biology · 2025Article
- Prognostic Value of FasL, BDNF, and IL-1β as Predictors of Therapeutic Response in Schizophrenia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Zinc in psychosis (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Th17-related cytokines and chemokines are associated with immune dysregulation and severity in schizophrenia.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Elevated serum IL-17 A and CCL20 levels as potential biomarkers in major psychotic disorders: a case-control study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- The novel schizophrenia subgroup "major neurocognitive psychosis" is validated as a distinct class through the analysis of immune-linked neurotoxicity biomarkers and neurocognitive deficits.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Mood Symptoms and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Due to Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Are Associated with Immune Activation and Aberrations in the Erythron.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Changes in Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients with Schizophrenia: A 3-Year Retrospective Study.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2023Article
- Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Lowered Antioxidant Defenses Predict Methamphetamine Induced Psychosis.Cells · 2022Article
- In Schizophrenia, the Effects of the IL-6/IL-23/Th17 Axis on Health-Related Quality of Life and Disabilities Are Partly Mediated by Generalized Cognitive Decline and the Symptomatome.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSchizophrenia and especially deficit schizophrenia (DSCZ) are characterized by increased activity of neuroimmunotoxic pathways and a generalized cognitive decline (G-CoDe). There is no data on whether the interleukin (IL)-6/IL-23/T helper 17 (IL-6/IL-23/Th17)-axis is more associated with DSCZ than with non-deficit schizophrenia (NDSCZ) and whether changes in this axis are associated with the G-CoDe and the phenome (a factor extracted from all symptom domains) of schizophrenia.
methodsThis study included 45 DSCZ and 45 NDSCZ patients and 40 controls and delineated whether the IL-6/IL-23/Th17 axis, trace elements (copper, zinc) and ions (magnesium, calcium) are associated with DSCZ, the G-CoDe and the schizophrenia phenome.
resultsIncreased plasma IL-23 and IL-6 levels were associated with Th17 upregulation, assessed as a latent vector (LV) extracted from IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, and TNF-α. The IL-6/IL-23/Th17-axis score, as assessed by an LV extracted from IL-23, IL-6, and the Th17 LV, was significantly higher in DSCZ than in NDSCZ and controls. We discovered that 70.7% of the variance in the phenome was explained by the IL-6/IL-23/Th17-axis (positively) and the G-CoDe and IL-10 (both inversely); and that 54.6% of the variance in the G-CoDe was explained by the IL-6/IL-23/Th17 scores (inversely) and magnesium, copper, calcium, and zinc (all positively).
conclusionThe pathogenic IL-6/IL-23/Th17-axis contributes to the generalized neurocognitive deficit and the phenome of schizophrenia, especially that of DSCZ, due to its key role in peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation and its consequent immunotoxic effects on neuronal circuits. These clinical impairments are more prominent in subjects with lowered IL-10, magnesium, calcium, and zinc.
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