ArticleEnvironmental monitoring and assessment2022
Seismic surveys near gray whale feeding areas off Sakhalin Island, Russia: assessing impact and mitigation effectiveness.
Article in Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- A review of important heavy metals toxicity with special emphasis on nephrotoxicity and its management in cattle.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Review
- Gray whale density during seismic surveys near their Sakhalin feeding ground.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
- Gray whale habitat use and reproductive success during seismic surveys near their feeding grounds: comparing state-dependent life history models and field data.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
- Acoustic monitoring and analyses of air gun, pile driving, vessel, and ambient sounds during the 2015 seismic surveys on the Sakhalin shelf.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
- Western gray whale behavioral response to seismic surveys during their foraging season.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
- Benthic studies adjacent to Sakhalin Island, Russia, 2015 II: energy content of the zoobenthos in western gray whale feeding grounds.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
- Benthic studies adjacent to Sakhalin Island, Russia, 2015 I: benthic biomass and community structure in the nearshore gray whale feeding area.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
- Benthic studies adjacent to Sakhalin Island, Russia 2015 III: benthic energy density spatial models in the nearshore gray whale feeding area.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
- Western gray whales on their summer feeding ground off Sakhalin Island in 2015: who is foraging where?Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
- Real-time acoustic monitoring with telemetry to mitigate potential effects of seismic survey sounds on marine mammals: a case study offshore Sakhalin Island.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 2015, two oil and gas companies conducted seismic surveys along the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia, near western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) feeding areas. This population of whales was listed as Critically Endangered at the time of the operations described here but has been reclassified as Endangered since 2018. The number and duration of the 2015 seismic surveys surpassed the level of previous seismic survey activity in this area, elevating concerns regarding disturbance of feeding gray whales and the potential for auditory injury. Exxon Neftegas Limited (ENL) developed a mitigation approach to address these concerns and, more importantly, implemented a comprehensive data collection strategy to assess the effectiveness of this approach. The mitigation approach prioritized completion of the seismic surveys closest to the nearshore feeding area as early in the season as possible, when fewer gray whales would be present. This was accomplished by increasing operational efficiency through the use of multiple seismic vessels and by establishing zones with specific seasonal criteria determining when air gun shutdowns would be implemented. These zones and seasonal criteria were based on pre-season modeled acoustic footprints of the air gun array and on gray whale distribution data collected over the previous 10 years. Real-time acoustic and whale sighting data were instrumental in the implementation of air gun shutdowns. The mitigation effectiveness of these shutdowns was assessed through analyzing short-term behavioral responses and shifts in gray whale distribution due to sound exposure. The overall mitigation strategy of an early survey completion was assessed through bioenergetics models that predict how reduced foraging activity might affect gray whale reproduction and maternal survival. This assessment relied on a total of 17 shore-based and 5 vessel-based teams collecting behavior, distribution, photo-identification, prey, and acoustic data. This paper describes the mitigation approach, the implementation of mitigation measures using real-time acoustic and gray whale location data, and the strategy to assess impacts and mitigation effectiveness.
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