SynthesisClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2022
Clinical Features of Patients Hospitalized for All Routes of Anthrax, 1880-2018: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Algorithms for the Identification of Anthrax Meningitis During a Mass Casualty Event Based on a Systematic Review of Systemic Anthrax From 1880 Through 2018.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Pooled it
- Systematic Review of Hospital Treatment Outcomes for Naturally Acquired and Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, 1880-2018.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Pooled it
- Infectious medical waste (IMW) and disease transmission: A critical public health challenge in Africa and the global implications - A systematic review.Journal of public health research · 2026Article
- Anthrax toxins exacerbate sepsis-induced coagulopathy and endothelial dysfunction in a baboon model of anthrax.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2026Article
- First documented case of cutaneous anthrax and brucellosis coinfection in a human in rural northern China: a case report.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Mechanistic within-host mathematical model of inhalational anthrax.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Cutaneous anthrax rapidly progressed into septic anthrax resulting in death - A case report.IDCases · 2025Article
- Case Series of Anthrax in Iran.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Rational corticosteroids administration and antibiotic treatment is key to managing cutaneous anthrax.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Anthrax in Humans, Animals, and the Environment and the One Health Strategies for Anthrax Control.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Upper Limb Compartment Syndrome-An Extremely Rare Life-Threatening Complication of Cutaneous Anthrax.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Central Nervous System Antimicrobial Exposure and Proposed Dosing for Anthrax Meningitis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Lysins as a powerful alternative to combat Bacillus anthracis.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Suspected cutaneous anthrax in a yak herder in a highland community in Bhutan, 2023: A case report.Clinical case reports · 2024Article
- CDC Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Anthrax, 2023.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2023Article
- Anthrax outbreaks: an upcoming concern - commentary.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2023Article
- Human Anthrax: Update of the Diagnosis and Treatment.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Welder's Anthrax: A Tale of 2 Cases.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- Risk Factors for Severe Cutaneous Anthrax in a Retrospective Case Series and Use of a Clinical Algorithm to Identify Likely Meningitis and Evaluate Treatment Outcomes, Kyrgyz Republic, 2005-2012.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAnthrax is a toxin-mediated zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, with a worldwide distribution recognized for millennia. Bacillus anthracis is considered a potential biowarfare agent.
methodsWe completed a systematic review for clinical and demographic characteristics of adults and children hospitalized with anthrax (cutaneous, inhalation, ingestion, injection [from contaminated heroin], primary meningitis) abstracted from published case reports, case series, and line lists in English from 1880 through 2018, assessing treatment impact by type and severity of disease. We analyzed geographic distribution, route of infection, exposure to anthrax, and incubation period.
resultsData on 764 adults and 167 children were reviewed. Most cases reported for 1880 through 1915 were from Europe; those for 1916 through 1950 were from North America; and from 1951 on, cases were from Asia. Cutaneous was the most common form of anthrax for all populations. Since 1960, adult anthrax mortality has ranged from 31% for cutaneous to 90% for primary meningitis. Median incubation periods ranged from 1 day (interquartile range [IQR], 0-4) for injection to 7 days (IQR, 4-9) for inhalation anthrax. Most patients with inhalation anthrax developed pleural effusions and more than half with ingestion anthrax developed ascites. Treatment and critical care advances have improved survival for those with systemic symptoms, from approximately 30% in those untreated to approximately 70% in those receiving antimicrobials or antiserum/antitoxin.
conclusionsThis review provides an improved evidence base for both clinical care of individual anthrax patients and public health planning for wide-area aerosol releases of B. anthracis spores.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.