Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2022
Reducing relative food reinforcement of infants using a music enrichment program: a randomized, controlled trial.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02936284 (Enhancing Alternatives to Eating in Infancy), which is not on this map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Enhancing Alternatives to Eating in Infancy
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Reward Learning and the Origins of Obesity: Food, Non-Food Reward, and Developing Self-Regulation.Current obesity reports · 2026Review
- A Scoping Review of Instruments Used to Measure Weight and Body Composition in Infants Under 1 Year.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Article
- The Regulation of Energy Intake in Infancy: A Narrative Review.Current obesity reports · 2025Review
- Socioeconomic Characteristics and the Home Food Environment Are Associated With Feeding Healthful and Discretionary Foods During the First Year of Life in the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2025Article
- The impact of a community-based music program during infancy on the quality of parent-child language interactions.Child developmentArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFood reinforcement or one's motivation to eat may be established early in life; it might not be the food reinforcement per se that drives weight gain, but rather the imbalance between food and nonfood reinforcement.
objectivesWe implemented a 2-y randomized, controlled trial to assess the effects of a music enrichment program (music, n = 45) compared with an active play date control (control, n = 45) in 9- to 15-mo-old healthy infants who were strongly motivated to eat.
methodsThe 12-mo intensive intervention phase included 4 semesters of Music Together® or a play date program (Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall), comprised of once per week group meetings, followed by a 12-mo maintenance phase with monthly meetings. Parents were encouraged to listen to the Music Together® program CD or play with the play date group's toy with their infants at home, respectively. We performed a modified intention-to-treat analysis using all randomly assigned, non-excluded subjects for the outcome measures [relative reinforcing value of food (RRVfood), food reinforcement, music reinforcement, and weight-for-length z-score (WLZ)].
resultsThere were significant differential group changes across time for RRVfood (group × month; P = 0.016; Cohen's f2 = 0.034). The music group had significantly greater RRVfood decreases than the control group from baseline to the end of the intensive intervention phase (music change = -0.211; control change = -0.015; P = 0.002; Cohen's D = 0.379). However, these differences were not maintained during months 12-24 (music change = -0.187; control change = -0.143; P = 0.448; D = 0.087). We observed an overall moderation effect by sex for food reinforcement and WLZ. Boys in the music group had a significant attenuation in food reinforcement and WLZ compared with boys in the control group.
conclusionsThis study extends our knowledge in infant eating behavior by providing insight into the role of nonfood alternatives in altering one's motivation to eat. There may be sex differences in altering one's motivation to eat.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02936284.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.