Intention-based predictive information modulates auditory deviance processing.

The human brain is highly responsive to (deviant) sounds violating an auditory regularity. Respective brain responses are usually investigated in situations when the sounds were produced by the experimenter. Acknowledging that humans also actively produce sounds, the present event-related potential study tested for differences in the brain responses to deviants that were produced by the listeners by pressing one of two buttons. In one condition, deviants were unpredictable with respect to the button-sound association. In another condition, deviants were predictable with high validity yielding correctly predicted deviants and incorrectly predicted (mispredicted) deviants. Temporal principal component analysis revealed deviant-specific N1 enhancement, mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a. N1 enhancements were highly similar for each deviant type, indicating that the underlying neural mechanism is not affected by intention-based expectation about the self-produced forthcoming sound. The MMN was abolished for predictable deviants, suggesting that the intention-based prediction for a deviant can overwrite the prediction derived from the auditory regularity (predicting a standard). The P3a was present for each deviant type but was largest for mispredicted deviants. It is argued that the processes underlying P3a not only evaluate the deviant with respect to the fact that it violates an auditory regularity but also with respect to the intended sensorial effect of an action. Overall, our results specify current theories of auditory predictive processing, as they reveal that intention-based predictions exert different effects on different deviance-specific brain responses.