ArticleCurrent psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)2022
The positive effects of combined breathing techniques and cold exposure on perceived stress: a randomised trial.
Article in Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06557083 (The Effects of Practicing Daily Polyvagal Exercises for Four Weeks on Stress in Students of Physical Therapy Measured), which is not on this map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effects of Practicing Daily Polyvagal Exercises for Four Weeks on Stress in Students of Physical Therapy Measured: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of breathing exercises and mindset with or without cold exposure on mental and physical health in persons with a spinal cord injury-Results of a randomized controlled trial.Clinical rehabilitation · 2026Trial
- A semi-randomised control trial assessing psychophysiological effects of breathwork and cold immersion.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Effects of brief remote high ventilation breathwork with retention on mental health and wellbeing: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Exploring the benefits of altered states of consciousness and reduced experiential avoidance for mental well-being: insights from a global study on high ventilation breathwork.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Breathwork for Chronic Stress and Mental Health: Does Choosing a Specific Technique Matter?Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of cold-water exposure on mental health.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- A randomized controlled clinical trial of a Wim Hof Method intervention in women with high depressive symptoms.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2024Article
- Conscious connected breathing with breath retention intervention in adults with chronic low back pain: protocol for a randomized controlled pilot study.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A pranayama-inspired breathing technique, cold exposure, and their combined application were assessed for their potential to reduce perceived stress in adults and compared to a control group. An experiment involving four groups was conducted, yielding separate cells for breathing technique-only and cold exposure-only, as well as a combined treatment and a control group. Eighty-six individuals participated in the study. Perceived stress is measured employing the 10-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the 20-item version of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). The instruments exhibit a substantial correlation (r = 0.842, p < 0.001). The combined group exhibited a medium to large positive effect on perceived stress compared to the control group. The breathing technique and cold exposure on their own were not found to yield substantial effects, indicating synergies between both exercises. Combinations of breathing techniques and cold exposure may be employed to decrease individuals' perceived stress.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.