ArticleInternational journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHP
An application of the stress-diathesis model: A review about the association between smoking tobacco, smoking cessation, and mental health.
Article in International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHP. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Associations of cannabis use, tobacco use, and incident anxiety, mood, and psychotic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological medicine · 2024Pooled it
- intEgrating Smoking Cessation treatment As part of usual Psychological care for dEpression and anxiety (ESCAPE): A randomised and controlled, multi-centre, acceptability and feasibility trial with nested qualitative methods.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Trial
- Smoking Cessation and Changes in Anxiety and Depression in Adults With and Without Psychiatric Disorders.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- Service-user experiences of an integrated psychological intervention for depression or anxiety and tobacco smoking in improving access to psychological therapies services: A qualitative investigation into mechanisms of change in quitting smoking.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2023Trial
- Acceptability of integrating smoking cessation treatment into routine care for people with mental illness: A qualitative study.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2023Trial
- Standardized Manual-Based Smoking Cessation Treatment in Patients With Comorbid Mental Disorders: Qualitative Interview Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Transitions Between Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms and Associations with Substance Use among US Young Adults, 2016-2023.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Genetic perspectives on the comorbidity of anxiety and mood disorders with cardiovascular disease.Nature cardiovascular research · 2026Review
- Comorbidity and Familial Aggregation of Mood Disorders and Cigarette Smoking in a Controlled Family Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Editorial Perspective: Smoking, vaping and mental health - a perspective on potential causal mechanisms.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Disentangling Nicotine vs Non-Nicotine Components of Tobacco Exposure in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Multivariable and Trans-Ethnic Mendelian Randomization Study.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2026Article
- Gender-based determinants of psychological distress among emerging adult students in coastal Karnataka: a cross-sectional study.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- Is tobacco dependence a moderator of psychiatric symptom severity and caregiver abuse in rural families of patients with severe mental disorders?Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Prevalence, associated factors, and machine learning-based prediction of depression, anxiety, and stress among university students: a cross-sectional study from Bangladesh.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Factors Influencing Co-Use of Tobacco and Cannabis Amongst Young Adults in UK Further Education Colleges: A Qualitative Study.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- The causal effect of smoking on psychiatric disorders: an examination of brain volume as a potential pathway.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Disentangling the effects of nicotine versus non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke on major depressive disorder: A multivariable Mendelian randomisation study.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Global Trends and Emerging Frontiers in Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco Research: A Bibliometric Analysis over the Past Decade.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Association of CREB1 (rs2253206) and BDNF (rs6265) Polymorphisms with Implementation Intentions Treatment Response in Smoking Reduction.Addiction & health · 2025Article
- Association of tobacco use with depressive symptoms in adults: Considerations of symptom severity, symptom clusters, and sex.PloS one · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Worldwide, approximately 24% of all adults smoke, but smoking is up to twice as prevalent in people with mental ill-health. There is growing evidence that smoking may be a causal risk factor in the development of mental illness, and that smoking cessation leads to improved mental health. Methods: In this scholarly review we have: (1) used a modern adaptation of the Bradford-Hill criteria to bolster the argument that smoking could cause mental ill-health and that smoking cessation could reverse these effects, and (2) by considering psychological, biological, and environmental factors, we have structured the evidence to-date into a stress-diathesis model. Results: Our model suggests that smoking is a psychobiological stressor, but that the magnitude of this effect is mediated and modulated by the individual's diathesis to develop mental ill-health and other vulnerability and protective factors. We explore biological mechanisms that underpin the model, such as tobacco induced damage to neurological systems and oxidative stress pathways. Furthermore, we discuss evidence indicating that it is likely that these systems repair after smoking cessation, leading to better mental health. Conclusion: Based on a large body of literature including experimental, observational, and novel causal inference studies, there is consistent evidence showing that smoking can negatively affect the brain and mental health, and that smoking cessation could reverse the mental ill-health caused by smoking. Our model suggests that smoking prevention and treatment strategies have a role in preventing and treating mental illness as well as physical illness.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.