ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2022
Cigarette smoking, coffee consumption, alcohol intake, and clozapine metabolism: A Mendelian randomization study.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical and pharmacological factors influencing serum clozapine and norclozapine levels.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Clozapine/norclozapine plasma level ratio and cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2024Review
- Mediation and longitudinal analysis to interpret the association between clozapine pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenomics, and absolute neutrophil count.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Influence of Cigarette Smoking Habit on Clozapine-to-Norclozapine Ratio in Male Patients.Journal of research in pharmacy practiceArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Clozapine is an effective antipsychotic medication for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Previous studies revealed that smoking, alcohol intake, and coffee consumption altered the metabolism of clozapine. However, causal associations between substance use and clozapine levels were not sufficiently established. Methods: Several genome-wide association studies provided genetic tools for six measures of substance use, including age of smoking, cigarettes per day, smoking cessation, smoking initiation, coffee consumption, and alcohol consumption (GWASs). Utilizing the CLOZUK consortium's dataset, their associations with clozapine and its metabolite concentrations were evaluated. All GWAS data were collected from the European population. Mendelian randomization (MR) estimations from each genetic test were combined using inverse variance weighted (IVW) meta-analysis in combination with complementing techniques (such as weighted median and MR Egger). We also analyze horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity using various sensitivity analyses. Results: Genetically predicted higher level of smoking initiation was significantly associated with reduced clozapine (β = -0.14, Conclusion: Our investigation revealed a correlation between greater smoking initiation and coffee consumption and reduced blood levels of clozapine and norclozapine. Providing clinicians with guidance on how to adjust clozapine levels for clozapine-treated patients.
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