ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2023
Educational Differences in Life Expectancies With and Without Pain.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Obtaining population-based estimates for survey data using Bayesian hierarchical models with poststratification.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Changes in the Education-Health Gradient Within U.S. States, 1993-2019.Population research and policy review · 2026Article
- Losses to Follow-Up in a Nationally Representative Study of Community-Living Older Americans: Two Approaches to Censoring and Implications for Mortality Outcomes.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2026Article
- The health production function in South Asia: panel evidence on education, health expenditure, governance, and longevity.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Welfare policies, joint pain prevalence and educational gaps in 50 U.S. states from 2011 to 2021: A fixed effects analysis.The journal of pain · 2025Article
- Incomplete Ascertainment of Mortality in a Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study of Community-Living Older Americans.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- Rural-urban residence and life expectancies with and without pain.Health & place · 2024Article
- Are We Adding Pain-Free Years to Life? A Test of Compression Versus Expansion of Morbidity.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThis study computes years and proportion of life that older adults living in the United States can expect to live pain-free and in different pain states, by age, sex, and level of education. The analysis addresses challenges related to dynamics and mortality selection when studying associations between education and pain in older populations.
methodsData are from National Health and Aging Trends Study, 2011-2020. The sample contains 10,180 respondents who are age 65 and older. Pain expectancy estimates are computed using the Interpolated Markov Chain software that applies probability transitions to multistate life tables.
resultsThose with higher educational levels expect not only a longer life but also a higher proportion of life without pain. For example, a 65-year-old female with less than high school education expects 18.1 years in total and 5.8 years, or 32% of life, without pain compared with 23.7 years in total with 10.7 years, or 45% of life without pain if she completed college. The education gradient in pain expectancies is more salient for females than males and narrows at the oldest ages. There is no educational disparity in the percent of life with nonlimiting pain. DISCUSSION: Education promotes longer life and more pain-free years, but the specific degree of improvement by education varies across demographic groups. More research is needed to explain associations between education and more and less severe and limiting aspects of pain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.