ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2022
Glucocorticoids in preterm human milk.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diurnal rhythms in melatonin and cortisol in very preterm human milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Perinatal HPA axis regulation and offspring neuropsychiatric development: mechanisms, developmental trajectories, and clinical implications.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Association between maternal stress and premature milk cortisol, milk IgA, and infant health: a cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Glucocorticoids (GCs), cortisol and cortisone, are essential regulators of many physiological responses, including immunity, stress and mammary gland function. GCs are present in human milk (HM), but whether maternal and infant factors are associated with HM GC concentration following preterm birth is unclear. Materials and methods: HM samples were collected on postnatal day 5 and 10 and at 4 months' corrected age (4m CA) in a cohort of moderate- and late-preterm infants. GCs in HM were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Relationships between GCs in HM and both maternal and infant characteristics were investigated using Spearman's correlations and linear mixed models. Results: 170 mothers of 191 infants provided 354 HM samples. Cortisol concentrations in HM increased from postnatal day 5-4m CA (mean difference [MD] 0.6 ± 0.1 ng/ml, Conclusion: The mammary gland appears to protect the infant from cortisol through inactivation into cortisone. Maternal and infant characteristics were associated with concentration of GCs in HM, including ANS, stress and depression scores, obesity, gestational age and infant size. The effects of HM glucocorticoids on long-term health outcomes requires further research.
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Registered trials
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