ArticleMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Simultaneous Quantification of Opioids in Blood and Urine by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer with Modified Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Technique.
Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Opioid detection and quantification in plasma and oral fluid by LC-MS/MS.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Highly sensitive electrochemical detection and quantification of opium derived morphine sulfate using cysteamine loaded MWCNTs@VScientific reports · 2026Article
- Identification and detection of toxic substances involved in Gelsemium elegans Benth poisoning case.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Opioid quantification via microsampling techniques to assess opioid use in human laboratory studies.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Opioid Monitoring in Clinical Settings: Strategies and Implications of Tailored Approaches for Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Blood indices of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are altered in hyperglycemia.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Common methodologies such as liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are applied for the extraction of opioids from biological specimens i.e., blood and urine. Techniques including LC-MS/LC-MSMS, GC-MS, etc. are used for qualitative or quantitative determination of opioids. The goal of the present work is to design a green, economic, rugged, and simple extraction technique for famous opioids in human blood and urine and their simultaneous quantification by GC-MS equipped with an inert plus electron impact (EI) ionization source at SIM mode to produce reproducible and efficient results. Morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine, nalbuphine, tramadol and dextromethorphan were selected as target opioids. Anhydrous Epsom salt was applied for dSPE of opioids from blood and urine into acetonitrile extraction solvent with the addition of sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6) and n-hexane was added to remove non-polar interfering species from samples. BSTFA was used as a derivatizing agent for GC-MS. Following method validation, the LOD/LLOQ and ULOQ were determined for morphine, codeine, nal-buphine, tramadol, and dextromethorphan at 10 ng/mL and 1500 ng/mL, respectively, while the LOD/LLOQ and ULOQ were determined for 6-acetylmorphine at 5 ng/mL and 150 ng/mL, respectively. This method was applied to real blood and urine samples of opioid abusers and the results were found to be reproducible with true quantification.
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Registered trials
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