ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Chemistry and the Potential Antiviral, Anticancer, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Cardiotonic Steroids Derived from Toads.
Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cardiac Glycoside 3β-Bufalin Suppresses Cancer Cell Proliferation by Coupling with NaInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Central toxic effects of an antitumoral bufadienolide: In silico targets and in vivo findings.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- A Novel Ocellatin-P1 Isoform fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Concise synthesis of bufogargarizin B by a conformation-controlled skeletal reorganization approach.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The Molecular Mechanism of a Complex1-induced Apoptosis in Cancer Cells of the Esophagus.Current molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Complex engineering of Solanum alkaloids structural diversity in Nicotiana benthamiana.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Identification and Comparative Evaluation of Analgesic Components in Toad Venom on Inflammatory Pain.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Natural compounds targeting glycolysis and TME in ovarian cancer: from metabolic crosstalk to therapeutic potential.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Cinobufagin Directly Targets PDE4D to Disrupt Fibroblast-Dendritic Cell Crosstalk in Atopic Dermatitis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Elucidating the functional significance of catalytic and chitin-binding domains for the anti-cancer property of a bacterial endochitinase.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2025Article
- Biodiversity-Driven Screening of Amphibian Skin Secretions for Inflammatory Modulation in Joint Diseases.Toxins · 2025Article
- Development of CPA-Catalyzed β-Selective Reductive Amination of Cardenolides for the Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Hydrolytically Stable Analogs.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the Anti-Mycobacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the New Cardiotonic Steroid γ-Benzylidene Digoxin-15 in Macrophage Models of Infection.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Grape seed extract and L-ascorbic acid exert antineoplastic effects against solid Ehrlich carcinomaFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Therapeutic efficacy of deslanoside in oleic acid-induced acute lung injury in rabbits: Implications for clinical drug use and pharmacological strategies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- The Significant Therapeutic Effects of Chinese Scorpion: Modern Scientific Exploration of Ion Channels.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
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- Molecular Aspects in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes and Possible Preventive and Complementary Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) were first documented by ancient Egyptians more than 3000 years ago. Cardiotonic steroids are a group of steroid hormones that circulate in the blood of amphibians and toads and can also be extracted from natural products such as plants, herbs, and marines. It is well known that cardiotonic steroids reveal effects against congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation; therefore, the term "cardiotonic" has been coined. Cardiotonic steroids are divided into two distinct groups: cardenolides (plant-derived) and bufadienolides (mainly of animal origin). Cardenolides have an unsaturated five-membered lactone ring attached to the steroid nucleus at position 17; bufadienolides have a doubly unsaturated six-membered lactone ring. Cancer is a leading cause of mortality in humans all over the world. In 2040, the global cancer load is expected to be 28.4 million cases, which would be a 47% increase from 2020. Moreover, viruses and inflammations also have a very nebative impact on human health and lead to mortality. In the current review, we focus on the chemistry, antiviral and anti-cancer activities of cardiotonic steroids from the naturally derived (toads) venom to combat these chronic devastating health problems. The databases of different research engines (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Sci-Finder) were screened using different combinations of the following terms: "cardiotonic steroids", "anti-inflammatory", "antiviral", "anticancer", "toad venom", "bufadienolides", and "poison chemical composition". Various cardiotonic steroids were isolated from diverse toad species and exhibited superior anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activities in in vivo and in vitro models such as marinobufagenin, gammabufotalin, resibufogenin, and bufalin. These steroids are especially difficult to identify. However, several compounds and their bioactivities were identified by using different molecular and biotechnological techniques. Biotechnology is a new tool to fully or partially generate upscaled quantities of natural products, which are otherwise only available at trace amounts in organisms.
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