ArticleJournal of clinical medicine2022
A New Look on Long-COVID Effects: The Functional Brain Fog Syndrome.
Article in Journal of clinical medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Post-COVID syndrome in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh: a systematic narrative review of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and healthcare system responses.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Brain fog with long covid and chemotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ mental health · 2025Pooled it
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for fibromyalgia-like syndrome in patients with Long-COVID: a pilot randomized clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Subjective and objective working memory deficits in the post-acute phase of COVID-19 in a clinical trial population.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Digital Interventions Addressing Cognitive and Psychological Symptoms in Long COVID: Scoping Review of Multicomponent Approaches.Interactive journal of medical research · 2026Review
- LearningRx Cognitive Training for Workplace Self-Efficacy in Adults with Post-COVID-19 Brain Fog: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Toward characterizing brain fog in long COVID: correlates and impact on measurement metrics.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Article
- Brain fog symptoms in individuals with and without post COVID-19 condition: translation and validation of the brain fog scale.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- How Are Brain Fog Symptoms Related to Diet, Sleep, Mood and Gastrointestinal Health? A Cross-Sectional Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Mapping of long COVID condition in India: a study protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2025Article
- Brain Fog and Cognitive Dysfunction in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Evidence-Based Review.Psychology research and behavior management · 2025Review
- Executive deficits after SARS-CoV-2 infection: A cross-sectional population study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Frailty after COVID-19: The wave after?Aging medicine (Milton (N.S.W)) · 2023Review
- Observational
- A Prospect to Ameliorate Affective Symptoms and to Enhance Cognition in Long COVID Using Auricular Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Therapeutic trials for long COVID-19: A call to action from the interventions taskforce of the RECOVER initiative.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Online multimodal rehabilitation programme to improve symptoms and quality of life for adults diagnosed with long COVID-19: a Randomised Clinical Trial protocol.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Depression and brain fog as long-COVID mental health consequences: Difficult, complex and partially successful treatment of a 72-year-old patient-A case report.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Epidemiological data and etiopathogenesis of brain fog are very heterogeneous in the literature, preventing adequate diagnosis and treatment. Our study aimed to explore the relationship between brain fog, neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms in the general population. A sample of 441 subjects underwent a web-based survey, including the PANAS, the DASS-21, the IES-R, the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, and a questionnaire investigating demographic information, brain fog, subjective cognitive impairments (Scc) and sleep disorders. ANOVA, ANCOVA, correlation and multiple stepwise regression analyses were performed. In our sample, 33% of participants were defined as Healthy Subjects (HS; no brain fog, no Scc), 27% as Probable Brain Fog (PBF; brain fog or Scc), and 40% as Functional Brain Fog (FBF; brain fog plus Scc). PBF and FBF showed higher levels of neuropsychiatric symptoms than HS, and FBF showed the worst psychological outcome. Moreover, worse cognitive symptoms were related to the female gender, greater neuropsychiatric symptoms, sleep disorders, and rumination/indecision. Being a woman and more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms were predictors of FBF severity. Our data pointed out a high prevalence and various levels of severity and impairments of brain fog, suggesting a classificatory proposal and a multifaceted etiopathogenic model, thus facilitating adequate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.