ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Cytokine Storm-Definition, Causes, and Implications.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 184 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
184 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Genetically predicted associations between inflammatory cytokines and juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A Mendelian randomization study.Medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Hemoperfusion during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 8,151 patients.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Haematological toxicities with immune checkpoint inhibitors in digestive system tumors: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Injectable hydrogel-based combination therapy for myocardial infarction: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of preclinical trials.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Causal relationship between inflammatory cytokines and autoimmune thyroid disease: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Prophylactic use of interleukin 6 monoclonal antibody can reduce CRS response of CAR-T cell therapy.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Rational design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants: From molecular mechanisms to hybrid delivery platforms.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Multi-targeted biomimetic CeO₂-based nanoplatform for sepsis therapy via mitochondrial homeostasis.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Ebola virus disease in the modern era: pathogenesis, therapeutic advances, vaccine strategies, and global health preparedness.Infection · 2026Review
- CD56-Positive Acute Myeloid Leukemia Complicated by Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A case report and narrative review.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Defect-Mediated Sonodynamic Catalysis on Calcium-Deficient Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles Coordinating Bacterial Elimination and Bone Regeneration against Osteomyelitis.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Sepsis-related immunosuppression: a comprehensive review of current research breakthroughs.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Review
- A Review of Fluoroquinolones with a Focus on Veterinary-Approved Agents.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Remarkable Recovery After Delayed High-Dose Methylprednisolone in a Rare Case of Penetrating Spinal Cord Injury.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Prophylactic potential of Astragalus membranaceus extract in experimental pulmonary Candidiasis in Albino rats.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Article
- Heat-inactivated Bacillus spores attenuate poly I:C-induced lung inflammation and microbiome alterations through modulation of host immune responses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Selected Cannabinoids, Cannabimimetic Agents andPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Association between blood urea nitrogen-to-potassium ratio trajectories and MAKE-30 risk in critically patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The RIPK3-IL-6 axis mediates kidney injury in cytokine storm syndrome.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
124 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The human innate and adaptive immune systems consist of effector cells producing cytokines (interleukins, interferons, chemokines, and numerous other mediators). Usually, a fragile equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammation effects is maintained by complex regulatory mechanisms. Disturbances of this homeostasis can lead to intricate chain reactions resulting in a massive release of cytokines. This may result in a drastic self-reinforcement of various feedback mechanisms, which can ultimately lead to systemic damage, multi-organ failure, or death. Not only pathogens can initiate such disturbances, but also congenital diseases or immunomodulatory therapies. Due to the complex and diverse interactions within the innate and adaptive immune systems, the understanding of this important clinical syndrome is incomplete to date and effective therapeutic approaches remain scarce.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.