ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
The Translatability of Multiple Sclerosis Animal Models for Biomarkers Discovery and Their Clinical Use.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- The dual role of mTOR in multiple sclerosis pathophysiology: a systematic review.Journal of neurology · 2026Pooled it
- The Inflammatory Response in the Murine Ovalbumin-Induced Skin Inflammation Model Is Robust Despite Major Gut Microbiota Differences.Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Mouse CSF Proteins in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model and Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination Model by Olink Proteomics.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Animal models of multiple sclerosis: applications and future directions in disease research.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Review
- Increased serum NfL and GFAP levels indicate different subtypes of neurologic immune-related adverse events during treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.International journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Profiling Blood-Based Neural Biomarkers and Cytokines in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model of Multiple Sclerosis Using Single-Molecule Array Technology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Myelin-reactive CD8Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- The presence of Mott cells in the lymph nodes of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2024Article
- Central Versus Peripheral Drug Exposure Ratio, a Key Differentiator for Siponimod Over Fingolimod?Neurology and therapy · 2023Article
- Involvement of Degenerating 21.5 kDa Isoform of Myelin Basic Protein in the Pathogenesis of the Relapse in Murine Relapsing-Remitting Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and MS Autopsied Brain.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Remyelination in multiple sclerosis from the miRNA perspective.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Review
- A combination microparticle strategy for achieving antigen-specific tolerance.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Toward a Combination of Biomarkers for Molecular Characterization of Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system which is characterized by demyelinating lesions and axonal damage. MS is a complex disease characterized by important pathophysiological heterogeneity affecting the clinical appearance, progression and therapeutic response for each patient. Therefore, there is a strong unmet need to define specific biomarkers that will reflect the different features of the disease. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used experimental model for the study of MS, as it resembles the pathological features of human MS in many aspects and has allowed for the elucidation of pathogenesis pathways and the validation of certain targets for MS therapies. In this review, we discuss clinically relevant MS molecular biomarkers, divided into five groups based on the key pathological hallmarks of MS: inflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, myelin and axonal damage, gliosis and, ultimately, repair mechanisms. To address the feasibility of translation between the animal model and human disease, we present an overview of several molecular biomarkers of each category and compare their respective deregulation patterns. We conclude that, like any disease animal model, EAE models can sometimes fail to mimic the entire spectrum of human disease, but they can nonetheless recapitulate the disease's primary hallmarks. We show that the EAE model is a valuable tool for understanding MS physiopathological mechanisms and for identifying biomarkers fundamental for drug development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.