ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Cytokine Imbalance as a Biomarker of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Canonical and Non-Canonical Antipsychotics' Dopamine-Related Mechanisms of Present and Next Generation Molecules: A Systematic Review on Translational Highlights for Treatment Response and Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Biomaterials for intervertebral disc regeneration: Niche reprogramming, precision therapeutics, and structural reconstruction.Bioactive materials · 2027Review
- Human biomarker navigator.iMeta · 2026Review
- Theory-of-mind improvement in schizophrenia after integrative cognitive remediation: which patients benefit more?Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2025Article
- Influence of antipsychotic drugs on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: perspectives in an astrocyte-microglia co-culture model.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
- Neuroendocrine characterization into schizophrenia: norepinephrine and melatonin as promising biomarkers.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Immune-Inflammatory Response And Compensatory Immune-Regulatory Reflex Systems And White Matter Integrity in Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
- Hematological and inflammatory markers in Han Chinese patients with drug-free schizophrenia: relationship with symptom severity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Eosinophils and Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia: A New Perspective.Journal of blood medicine · 2024Review
- Circulating inflammatory cytokines influencing schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Inflammatory markers of symptomatic remission at 6 months in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift in the Treatment of Schizophrenia? The Use of Inflammation-Reducing and Neuroprotective Drugs-A Review.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Genetic Predictors of Antipsychotic Efflux Impairment via Blood-Brain Barrier: Role of Transport Proteins.Genes · 2023Review
- Molecular Basic of Pharmacotherapy of Cytokine Imbalance as a Component of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Cytokine Imbalance as a Biomarker of Intervertebral Disk Degeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Serum Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Subtypes of Clinical High Risk Individuals: A Prospective Cohort Study.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2023Article
- The Role of D-Serine and D-Aspartate in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.Nutrients · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is an important and unresolved problem in biological and clinical psychiatry. Approximately 30% of cases of schizophrenia (Sch) are TRS, which may be due to the fact that some patients with TRS may suffer from pathogenetically "non-dopamine" Sch, in the development of which neuroinflammation is supposed to play an important role. The purpose of this narrative review is an attempt to summarize the data characterizing the patterns of production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during the development of therapeutic resistance to APs and their pathogenetic and prognostic significance of cytokine imbalance as TRS biomarkers. This narrative review demonstrates that the problem of evaluating the contribution of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines to maintaining or changing the cytokine balance can become a new key in unlocking the mystery of "non-dopamine" Sch and developing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of TRS and psychosis in the setting of acute and chronic neuroinflammation. In addition, the inconsistency of the results of previous studies on the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines indicates that the TRS biomarker, most likely, is not the serum level of one or more cytokines, but the cytokine balance. We have confirmed the hypothesis that cytokine imbalance is one of the most important TRS biomarkers. This hypothesis is partially supported by the variable response to immunomodulators in patients with TRS, which were prescribed without taking into account the cytokine balance of the relation between serum levels of the most important pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines for TRS.
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Registered trials
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