ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Cost of Illness Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Findings from a Lower-Middle Income Country.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Exploring the relationship between glycemic variability and muscle dysfunction in adults with diabetes: A systematic review.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of COVID-19 on nephropathy in diabetes mellitus type-II patients: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.BMC nephrology · 2024Pooled it
- Improving HbA1c Levels by Methylcobalamin Vitamin in Diabetic Volunteers, Combined with Dapagliflozin as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Routine Treatment: A Controlled Randomized, Double-blind Trial.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2025Trial
- Health economic evaluation alongside randomised clinical trial of a health behaviour intervention to manage type 2 diabetes in Nepal.Global health research and policy · 2024Trial
- Nurse-Led Telephone Program for Nonadherent to Treatment Type 2 Diabetics With Comorbid Depression: A Cost-Consequence and Budget Impact Analysis.Journal of nursing management · 2024Trial
- Experience of diabetes self-care and well-being among adults with type 2 diabetes in South Ethiopia: a qualitative descriptive study.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being · 2026Article
- Article
- Application of the ADAPT Framework to Contextualize a Participatory Learning and Action Community Intervention for the Prevention and Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Urban and Rural Settings in Afghanistan and Pakistan: Protocol for Intervention Adaptation.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Chronic care management in primary care for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Amazonas.Primary health care research & development · 2026Article
- Lived experience and perceived barriers to self-care among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Ethiopia: a descriptive phenomenological study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Engagement of coMmunity through Participatory learning and action for cOntrol and preVEntion of Type 2 Diabetes and its Risk factors (EMPOWER-D): protocol for a feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial in urban Pakistan.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2026Article
- Selected Emerging Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Clinical Insights and Implications for Precision Care.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Epidemiological trends of type 2 diabetes in Middle East and North Africa, 1990-2023: global burden of disease data analysis.International journal of public health · 2026Article
- A Data-Driven Approach for Estimating Type 2 Diabetes-Related Costs in Greece.Journal of market access & health policy · 2025Article
- Diabetes mellitus in Pakistan: prevalence and preventive management strategies - a comprehensive literature review.Cardiovascular diabetology. Endocrinology reports · 2025Review
- Identifying knowledge gap and adherence barriers for diabetic retinopathy screening: Findings from primary healthcare clinics in Pakistan.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Out-of-pocket cost and financial catastrophe of patients with cancer: the alarming cost-of-illness in Bangladesh.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Efficacy of Dual Glucagon and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Across the Cardiometabolic Continuum: A Review of Current Clinical Evidence.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Comparison of costs related to health services in two groups of patients with diabetic foot ulcer and patients without this complication: a matched cohort study.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Cost of diabetes mellitus and associated factors - an institutional cross-sectional study in Ghana.BMC health services research · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundDiabetes is a major chronic illness that negatively influences individuals and society. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze and evaluate the cost associated with diabetes management, specific to the Pakistani Type 2 diabetes population. Research scheme and methods: A survey randomly collected information and data from diabetes patients throughout Pakistan out-patient clinics. Direct and indirect costs were evaluated, and data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics.
resultsAn overall of 1839 diabetes patients participated in the study. The results have shown that direct and indirect costs are positively associated with the participants' socio-demographic characteristics, except for household income and educational status. The annual total cost of diabetes care was USD 740.1, amongst which the share of the direct cost was USD 646.7, and the indirect cost was USD 93.65. Most direct costs comprised medicine (USD 274.5) and hospitalization (USD 319.7). In contrast, the productivity loss of the patients had the highest contribution to the indirect cost (USD 81.36).
conclusionThis study showed that direct costs significantly contributed to diabetes's overall cost in Pakistan and overall diabetes management estimated to be 1.67% (USD 24.42 billion) of the country's total gross domestic product. The expense of medications and hospitalization mostly drove the direct cost. Additionally, patients' loss of productivity contributed significantly to the indirect cost. It is high time for healthcare policymakers to address this huge healthcare burden. It is time to develop a thorough diabetes management plan to be implemented nationwide.
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