ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Understanding Melasma-How Can Pharmacology and Cosmetology Procedures and Prevention Help to Achieve Optimal Treatment Results? A Narrative Review.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Efficacy of Topical Cosmetic Containing Alpha-Arbutin 5% and Kojic Acid 2% Compared With Triple Combination Cream for the Treatment of Melasma: A Split-Face, Evaluator-Blinded Randomized Pilot Study.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Trial
- [Q-switched Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser combined with topical metformin lotion for treatment of chloasma in mice].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2026Article
- Targeting Melasma: Innovations in Pigment Deposition and Photoaging in Cosmetic Dermatology.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Review
- Article
- KT-939: A Next-Generation Human Tyrosinase Inhibitor With Superior Efficacy for the Safe Management of Hyperpigmentation.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Latin American consensus on the treatment of melasma.International journal of dermatology · 2025Review
- Article
- Comparative in vitro and in silico evaluation of the toxic effects of metformin and/or ascorbic acid, new treatment options in the treatment of Melasma.Toxicology research · 2025Article
- Sunscreens in pigmentary disorders: time to revise the message.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2025Article
- Amelioration of Melasma Using Quantum Molecular Resonance.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Anti-Tyrosinase and Radical Scavenging Activities of Selected Cassipourea Plants and Isolated 7-Methoxygeranin A: Traditional Use as Skin Lighteners.Journal of experimental pharmacology · 2025Article
- Insights from Traditional Chinese Medicine for Restoring Skin Barrier Functions.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Management of Melasma: Laser and Other Therapies-Review Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Carotenoids in red fruit (Biomedical reports · 2024Review
- Characterizing the readability of patient educational materials for melasma during pregnancy.International journal of women's dermatology · 2024Article
- Comparison of the efficacy of Hydroquinone cream versus Hydroquinone cream plus Danggui Shaoyao powder in the treatment of melasma.Postepy dermatologii i alergologii · 2024Article
- Different therapeutic approaches in melasma: advances and limitations.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Melasma: A Step-by-Step Approach Towards a Multimodal Combination Therapy.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2024Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Melasma is a chronic skin condition that involves the overproduction of melanin in areas exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Melasma treatment is long-term and complicated with recurrence and resistance to treatment. The pathogenesis of melasma is highly complex with multiple pathologies occurring outside of the skin pigment cells. It includes photoaging, excessive melanogenesis, an increased number of mast cells, increased vascularization, and basement membrane damage. In addition, skin lesions related to melasma and their surrounding skin have nearly 300 genes differentially expressed from healthy skin. Traditionally, melasma was treated with topical agents, including hydroquinone, tretinoin, glucocorticosteroids and various formulations; however, the current approach includes the topical application of a variety of substances, chemical peels, laser and light treatments, mesotherapy, microneedling and/or the use of systemic therapy. The treatment plan for patients with melasma begins with the elimination of risk factors, strict protection against ultraviolet radiation, and the topical use of lightening agents. Hyperpigmentation treatment alone can be ineffective unless combined with regenerative methods and photoprotection. In this review, we show that in-depth knowledge associated with proper communication and the establishment of a relationship with the patient help to achieve good adherence and compliance in this long-term, time-consuming and difficult procedure.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.