ArticleAnnals of family medicine
Caregiving in a Pandemic: Health-Related Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities Among Women Caregivers Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Article in Annals of family medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Food insecurity and gender-based violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Association of Physical Activity with Psychological Distress and Poor Mental Health Days Among Informal Caregivers of Older Adults: Findings from the 2023 BRFSS Caregiver Module.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Impact of Introducing Managed Care Intermediaries for Long-Term Services and Supports.Health services research · 2025Article
- Assessing the quality of life of schizophrenia patients and their family caregivers in a Romanian sample: the role of clinical, sociocultural, and demographic factors.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2025Article
- "I Lay Awake at Night": Latino Family Caregivers' Experiences Covering Out-of-Pocket Costs When Caring for Someone Living With Dementia.The Gerontologist · 2024Article
- Deepening Depression in Women Balancing Work-Life Responsibilities and Caregiving during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from Gender-Specific Face-to-Face Street Interviews Conducted in Italy.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Two concurrent randomized controlled trials of CommunityRx, a social care intervention for family and friend caregivers delivered at the point of care.Research square · 2023Article
- Birth setting decisions during COVID-19: A comparative qualitative study.Women's health (London, England)Article
Corrections and comments
- RetractedRetraction.2026
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeFamily and friends who provide regular care for a sick or dependent individual ("caregivers") are at increased risk of health-related socioeconomic vulnerabilities (HRSVs). This study examined pre-pandemic prevalence of and early pandemic changes in HRSVs among women caregivers compared with non-caregivers.
methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in April 2020 (early pandemic) with 3,200 English-speaking US women aged 18 years or older, 30% of whom identified as caregivers. We modeled adjusted odds of self-reported HRSVs (financial strain, food/housing insecurity, interpersonal violence, transportation/utilities difficulties) before and changes during the early pandemic by caregiving status. Models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, education, income, number of people in household, number of children in household, physical and mental health, and number of comorbidities.
resultsPre-pandemic, 63% of caregivers and 47% of non-caregivers reported 1 or more vulnerability (
conclusionThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic increased risk of incident and worsening HRSVs for caregivers more than for non-caregivers. COVID-19 response and recovery efforts should target caregivers to reduce modifiable HRSVs and promote the health of caregivers and those who depend on them.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.