ArticlePloS one2022
'Valves' of the angular vein: Orbicularis oculi, depressor supercilii, and zygomaticus minor.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Orbicularis Oculi-Related Band as a Potential Modifier of Tear-Trough Visibility: A Hypothesis-Generating Observation of a Layered Boundary in a Patient.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Venous valves of the head and neck: a narrative review.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2026Review
- Exploring the venous supply of the face: An illustrated overview of contemporary literature.JPRAS open · 2025Review
- Transfemoral trans-facial vein-superior ophthalmic vein to embolize cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe aim of this study was to elucidate the positional relationship between the courses of the angular veins and the facial muscles, and the possible roles of the latter as alternative venous valves.
methodsThe angular veins of 44 specimens of embalmed Korean adult cadavers were examined. Facial muscles were studied to establish their relationships with the angular vein, including the orbicularis oculi (OOc), depressor supercilii (DS), zygomaticus minor (Zmi), zygomaticus major (Zmj), and levator labii superioris (LLS).
resultsIn the upper face of all specimens, the angular vein passed through the DS and descended to the medial palpebral ligament. In the midface, it passed between the origin of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi (LLSAN) and the inferior OOc fibers. The vein coursed along the deep surface of the inferior margin of the OOc in all specimens. At the level of the nasal ala, the course of the angular vein was classified into three types: in type I it passed between the LLS and Zmi (38.6%), in type II it passed between the superficial and deep fibers of the Zmi (47.7%), and in type III it passed between the Zmi and Zmj (13.6%). In the lower face of all specimens, the angular or facial vein passed through the anterior lobe of the buccal fat pad.
conclusionThis study found that the angular vein coursed along the sites where facial muscle contractions are assumed to efficiently compress the veins, likely controlling venous flow as valves. The observations made and analysis performed in this study will improve the understanding of the physiological function of the facial muscles as alternative venous valves.
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