ArticleClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR2022
Effect of Primary Health Care Expenditure on Universal Health Coverage: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.
Article in ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Four-quadrant analysis of universal health coverage progress in the Western Pacific region: facilitators, barriers, and trajectories to 2030.Global health action · 2026Article
- Beyond physical access: disability-inclusive primary health care as a test of health equity in Sub-Saharan Africa.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Service Coverage and Financial Hardship Under Universal Health Coverage: Uneven Associations Across 159 Countries (2000-2023).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Factors Influencing Primary Healthcare System in the Achievement of Universal Health Coverage in the WHO-AFRO Region: An Integrative Review.Public health challenges · 2025Review
- Universal health coverage-Exploring the what, how, and why using realist review.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Evaluating health systems' efficiency towards universal health coverage: A data envelopment analysis.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Investment in primary health care (PHC) to achieve universal health coverage (UHC) and better health outcomes remains a key global health agenda. This study aimed to assess the effects of PHC spending on UHC and health outcomes. Methods: The study used the Grossman Health Production Model and conducted econometric analyses using panel data from 2016 to 2019 covering 34 countries in SSA. Fixed and random effects panel regression models were used for the analyses. All the analyses in this study were carried out using the statistical software package STATA Version 15. Results: We found that PHC expenditure has a positive significant but inelastic effect on UHC and life expectancy at birth and a negative effect on infant mortality. Both the fixed and random effects models provided a robust relationship between PHC expenditure and UHC and health outcomes. Education, access to an improved water source, and the age structure of the population were found to be strongly associated with health outcomes. Conclusion: The inelastic nature of the PHC expenditure means that the UHC goal might only be achieved at high levels of PHC expenditure. This implies that policymakers must make conscious effort to increase PHC expenditure to ensure the attainment of the UHC goal.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.