ArticleBMC public health2022
Malaria outbreak facilitated by increased mosquito breeding sites near houses and cessation of indoor residual spraying, Kole district, Uganda, January-June 2019.
Article in BMC public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rift Valley fever seroprevalence and associated factors in non-vaccinated livestock (cattle and small ruminants) in Arua, Lira and Apac districts, Uganda.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Malaria Outbreak in Meinit Goldia District, Southwest Ethiopia Peoples Regional State, 2025: Risk factors and epidemiological insights from a case-control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Hotspot Mapping, Spatiotemporal Clustering and Forecasting of Malaria Incidence in Uganda, 2014-2023: Strategies to Inform Targeted Public Health Interventions.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Article
- High resolution physically based modelling reveals malaria incidence reduction by vector control measures.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic and ecological factors associated with malaria and malaria recurrence risk in children in Msambweni, Kwale County, Kenya.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Semi-field experiments highlight the importance of maize and rice pollen on oviposition site choice and larval development in Anopheles arabiensis.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Temporal and spatial trends of the prevalence of infections caused by Plasmodium parasites among rural community members in three regions with varying transmission intensities in Mainland Tanzania.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Hidden reservoirs of infection: prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic malaria in a high-endemic region of Zambia.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Sibling species composition and feeding pattern of malaria vectors in indoor-sprayed and non-sprayed districts of Lira and Kole, northern Uganda.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Prevalence and drivers of malaria infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic community members in five regions with varying transmission intensity in mainland Tanzania.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Metabolic resistance to pyrethroids with possible involvement of non-coding ribonucleic acids in Anopheles funestus, the major malaria vector in western Kenya.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Malaria, urogenital schistosomiasis and co-infection and nutritional status of school children in Ondo state.PloS one · 2025Article
- Rift Valley fever outbreak among animal handlers in Kinyogoga Village, Nakaseke District, Central Uganda: A case study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Factors Associated WithJournal of parasitology research · 2025Article
- Optimization of in vivo antimalarial efficacy of combinations of aqueous leaf extracts of Artemisia annua L., Vernonia amygdalina Del, and Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) Kuntze using factorial design.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2024Article
- Non-Coding RNAs Potentially Involved in Pyrethroid Resistance of Anopheles funestus Population in Western Kenya.Research square · 2024Article
- Malaria surveillance, outbreak investigation, response and its determinant factors in Waghemra Zone, Northeast Ethiopia: unmatched case-control study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Mosquito gene targeted RNAi studies for vector control.Functional & integrative genomics · 2023Review
- Molecular Mechanisms ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Article
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Abstract
backgroundIn June 2019, surveillance data from the Uganda's District Health Information System revealed an outbreak of malaria in Kole District. Analysis revealed that cases had exceeded the outbreak threshold from January 2019. The Ministry of Health deployed our team to investigate the areas and people affected, identify risk factors for disease transmission, and recommend control and prevention measures.
methodsWe conducted an outbreak investigation involving a matched case-control study. We defined a confirmed case as a positive malaria test in a resident of Aboke, Akalo, Alito, and Bala sub-counties of Kole District January-June 2019. We identified cases by reviewing outpatient health records. Exposures were assessed in a 1:1 matched case-control study (n = 282) in Aboke sub-county. We selected cases systematically from 10 villages using probability proportionate to size and identified age- and village-matched controls. We conducted entomological and environmental assessments to identify mosquito breeding sites. We plotted epidemic curves and overlaid rainfall, and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Case-control exposures were combined into: breeding site near house, proximity to swamp and breeding site, and proximity to swamp; these were compared to no exposure in a logistic regression analysis.
resultsOf 18,737 confirmed case-patients (AR = 68/1,000), Aboke sub-county residents (AR = 180/1,000), children < 5 years (AR = 94/1,000), and females (AR = 90/1,000) were most affected. Longitudinal analysis of surveillance data showed decline in cases after an IRS campaign in 2017 but an increase after IRS cessation in 2018-2019. Overlay of rainfall and case data showed two malaria upsurges during 2019, occurring 35-42 days after rainfall increases. Among 141 case-patients and 141 controls, the combination of having mosquito breeding sites near the house and proximity to swamps increased the odds of malaria 6-fold (OR = 6.6, 95% CI = 2.24-19.7) compared to no exposures. Among 84 abandoned containers found near case-patients' and controls' houses, 14 (17%) had mosquito larvae. Adult Anopheles mosquitoes, larvae, pupae, and pupal exuviae were identified near affected houses.
conclusionStagnant water formed by increased rainfall likely provided increased breeding sites that drove this outbreak. Cessation of IRS preceded the malaria upsurges. We recommend re-introduction of IRS and removal of mosquito breeding sites in Kole District.
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