ArticleNature communications2022
Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 128 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
128 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 212 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychological and Cognitive Sequelae of COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review to find link between past psychiatric history and development of long covid.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Evidence on the associations and safety of COVID-19 vaccination and post COVID-19 condition: an updated living systematic review.Epidemiology and infection · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Definition and measurement of post-COVID-19 conditions in real-world practice: a global systematic literature review.BMJ open · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review of the evidence on the associations and safety of COVID-19 vaccination and post COVID-19 condition.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Pooled it
- Long-Term Consequences of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Cost-effectiveness of the ReDIRECT/counterweight-plus weight management programme to alleviate symptoms of long COVID.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Plasma exchange therapy for the post COVID-19 condition: a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Psychiatric symptoms of long COVID among adults: observational case-control study in Johannesburg, South Africa.BJPsych open · 2026Article
- COVID-19 infection prior to the onset of type 1 diabetes does not impair beta-cell function: a two-year nationwide follow-up study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Observational
- Socio-Demographic Inequalities in COVID-19 Health Care Access and Experiences in the United Kingdom: Intersectional and Mixed-Methods Analyses of Open and Closed Questions in a Prospective Cohort Study.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- Symptom Trajectories and Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Matched Case-Control Study with Population-Based Controls.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Evolution with age of the relationship between sex and post-COVID symptoms: a population-based cohort study.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Long term cardiometabolic outcomes in COVID positive patients.Journal of public health research · 2026Review
- Neurodevelopmental treatment needs after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in young children: A cohort study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Article
- Thrombotic Events and Stroke in the Year After COVID-19 or Other Acute Respiratory Infection.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
With increasing numbers infected by SARS-CoV-2, understanding long-COVID is essential to inform health and social care support. A Scottish population cohort of 33,281 laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and 62,957 never-infected individuals were followed-up via 6, 12 and 18-month questionnaires and linkage to hospitalization and death records. Of the 31,486 symptomatic infections,1,856 (6%) had not recovered and 13,350 (42%) only partially. No recovery was associated with hospitalized infection, age, female sex, deprivation, respiratory disease, depression and multimorbidity. Previous symptomatic infection was associated with poorer quality of life, impairment across all daily activities and 24 persistent symptoms including breathlessness (OR 3.43, 95% CI 3.29-3.58), palpitations (OR 2.51, OR 2.36-2.66), chest pain (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.96-2.23), and confusion (OR 2.92, 95% CI 2.78-3.07). Asymptomatic infection was not associated with adverse outcomes. Vaccination was associated with reduced risk of seven symptoms. Here we describe the nature of long-COVID and the factors associated with it.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.