ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2023
Missing Outcome Data in Epidemiologic Studies.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Impact of Study Size on COVID-19 Treatment Outcomes: A Meta-Epidemiological Study Comparing Large and Small Randomized Controlled Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.Reviews in medical virology · 2026Pooled it
- Discrimination and risk of spontaneous abortion in a preconception cohort study.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- The association of objectively and subjectively measured modifiable lifestyle factors with internalizing problems: the role of genetic confounding and shared method variance bias.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- A preconception cohort study of historical mortgage lending discrimination and present-day fecundability.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Racialized economic segregation in relation to fecundability in a preconception cohort study.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- A Primer on Large-Sample Statistical Inference for Epidemiologists.Epidemiologic methods · 2026Article
- A prospective study of semen quality and fecundability among North American couples planning pregnancy.Andrology · 2026Article
- Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with uterine leiomyomata incidence and growth: a prospective ultrasound study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Association between education and walking speed: counterfactual mediation analysis in favor of a motor reserve hypothesis.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Childhood adversity and time to pregnancy in a preconception cohort.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Reducing Information and Selection Bias in EHR-Linked Biobanks via Genetics-Informed Multiple Imputation and Sample Weighting.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Invited commentary: mixing multiple imputation and bootstrapping for variance estimation.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Impact of tailored message notifications for frailty prevention in older adults: a quasi-randomized controlled study using a regression discontinuity design.Journal of physical therapy science · 2024Article
- Socio-demographic differences in the dietary inflammatory index from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018: a comparison of multiple imputation versus complete case analysis.Public health nutrition · 2024Article
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), perceived stress, and depressive symptoms in a prospective cohort study of black women.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Estimating the mortality risk correcting for high loss to follow-up among female sex workers with HIV in Durban, South Africa, 2018-2021.Annals of epidemiology · 2024Article
- FIVE AUTHORS REPLY.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Association between SARS-CoV-2 variants and post COVID-19 condition: findings from a longitudinal cohort study in the Belgian adult population.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Sensitivity Analyses for Means or Proportions with Missing Outcome Data.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Missing data are pandemic and a central problem for epidemiology. Missing data reduce precision and can cause notable bias. There remain too few simple published examples detailing types of missing data and illustrating their possible impact on results. Here we take an example randomized trial that was not subject to missing data and induce missing data to illustrate 4 scenarios in which outcomes are 1) missing completely at random, 2) missing at random with positivity, 3) missing at random without positivity, and 4) missing not at random. We demonstrate that accounting for missing data is generally a better strategy than ignoring missing data, which unfortunately remains a standard approach in epidemiology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.