ArticleTransboundary and emerging diseases2022
High exposure of West Nile virus in equid and wild bird populations in Spain following the epidemic outbreak in 2020.
Article in Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predicting West Nile virus circulation: a 20-year spatiotemporal study in humans and animals in Spain, 2003 to 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Mosquito Exposure Risks in Equine Facilities: An Environmental-Managerial Assessment in Western Romania.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Environmental determinants of West Nile virus vector abundance at the wildlife-livestock interface.Medical and veterinary entomology · 2025Article
- Article
- West Nile Virus Seroprevalence in Wild Birds and Equines in Madrid Province, Spain.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Fatal West Nile Virus Infection in Horse Returning to United Kingdom from Spain, 2022.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Undetection of vector-borne viruses in equids of Galapagos Islands.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- West Nile virus in the Iberian Peninsula: using equine cases to identify high-risk areas for humans.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Article
- High exposure of West Nile virus in equid and wild bird populations in Spain following the epidemic outbreak in 2020.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the circulation and risk factors associated with West Nile virus (WNV) exposure in equine and wild bird populations following the largest epidemic outbreak ever reported in Spain. A total of 305 equids and 171 wild birds were sampled between November 2020 and June 2021. IgG antibodies against flaviviruses were detected by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) in 44.9% (109/243) and 87.1% (54/62) of unvaccinated and vaccinated equids, respectively. The individual seroprevalence in unvaccinated individuals (calculated on animals seropositive by both bELISA and virus microneutralization test [VNT]) was 38.3% (95%CI: 33.1-43.4). No IgM antibodies were detected in animals tested (0/243; 0.0%; 95%CI: 0.0-1.5) by capture-ELISA. The main risk factors associated with WNV exposure in equids were age (adult and geriatric), breed (crossbred) and the absence of a disinsection programme on the facilities. In wild birds, IgG antibodies against flaviviruses were found in 32.7% (56/171; 95%CI: 26.8-38.6) using bELISA, giving an individual WNV seroprevalence of 19.3% (95%CI: 14.3-24.3) after VNT. Seropositivity was found in 37.8% of the 37 species analysed. Species group (raptors), age (>1-year old) and size (large) were the main risk factors related to WNV seropositivity in wild birds. Our results indicate high exposure and widespread distribution of WNV in equid and wild bird populations in Spain after the epidemic outbreak in 2020. The present study highlights the need to continue and improve active surveillance programmes for the detection of WNV in Spain, particularly in those areas at greatest risk of virus circulation.
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