ArticleBiotechnology and bioengineering2023
Nanoparticle dose and antigen loading attenuate antigen-specific T-cell responses.
Article in Biotechnology and bioengineering, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Microgel-Based Platform for Tunable Expansion and Function of γδ T-cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- In Vivo Accumulation of Regulatory T Cells Using Eliglustat-Loaded Cryogels.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Cargo-less Nanoparticles Prevent Bone Loss in Periodontitis and Peri-implantitis.Journal of dental research · 2025Article
- Engineering immunity using metabolically active polymeric nanoparticles.Trends in biotechnology · 2025Review
- Evaluation of mucosal adjuvants to chitosan-nanoparticle-based oral subunit vaccine for controlling salmonellosis in broilers.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Impact of antigen loading in tolerogenic nanoparticles to mitigate Th2-mediated allergic lung inflammation.Drug delivery and translational research · 2024Article
- Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles Utilize B Cells and Dendritic Cells to Elicit Distinct Antigen-Specific CD4ACS applied bio materials · 2024Review
- Therapeutic induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Cell and biomaterial delivery strategies to induce immune tolerance.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2023Review
- Development of protein-polymer conjugate nanoparticles for modulation of dendritic cell phenotype and antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses.ACS applied polymer materials · 2023Article
- Nanoparticle dose and antigen loading attenuate antigen-specific T-cell responses.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2023Article
- Excipient-Free Ionizable Polyester Nanoparticles for Lung-Selective and Innate Immune Cell Plasmid DNA and mRNA Transfection.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immune-mediated hypersensitivities such as autoimmunity, allergy, and allogeneic graft rejection are treated with therapeutics that suppress the immune system, and the lack of specificity is associated with significant side effects. The delivery of disease-relevant antigens (Ags) by carrier systems such as poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles (PLG-Ag) and carbodiimide (ECDI)-fixed splenocytes (SP-Ag) has demonstrated Ag-specific tolerance induction in model systems of these diseases. Despite therapeutic outcomes by both platforms, tolerance is conferred with different efficacy. This investigation evaluated Ag loading and total particle dose of PLG-Ag on Ag presentation in a coculture system of dendritic cells (DCs) and Ag-restricted T cells, with SP-Ag employed as a control. CD25 expression was observed in nearly all T cells even at low concentrations of PLG-Ag, indicating efficient presentation of Ag by dendritic cells. However, the secretion of IL-2, Th1, and Th2 cytokines (IFNγ and IL-4, respectively) varied depending on PLG-Ag concentration and Ag loading. Concentration escalation of soluble Ag resulted in an increase in IL-2 and IFNγ and a decrease in IL-4. Treatment with PLG-Ag followed a similar trend but with lower levels of IL-2 and IFNγ secreted. Transcriptional Activity CEll ARrays (TRACER) were employed to measure the real-time transcription factor (TF) activity in Ag-presenting DCs. The kinetics and magnitude of TF activity was dependent on the Ag delivery method, concentration, and Ag loading. Ag positively regulated IRF1 activity and, as carriers, NPs and ECDI-treated SP negatively regulated this signaling. The effect of Ag loading and dose on tolerance induction were corroborated in vivo using the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models where a threshold of 8 μg/mg Ag loading and 0.5 mg PLG-Ag dose were required for tolerance. Together, the effect of Ag loading and dosing on in vitro and in vivo immune regulation provide useful insights for translating Ag-carrier systems for the clinical treatment of immune disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.