ArticleDiabetologia2023
Investigating the causal relationships between excess adiposity and cardiometabolic health in men and women.
Article in Diabetologia, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 17 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between cardiovascular health determined by life's essential 8 and risk of mortality and major non-communicable diseases.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Oleoylethanolamide supplementation on cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Mendelian randomization studies on coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Mendelian randomization studies of lifestyle-related risk factors for stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Women Exposed to High Altitude.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Resting-state brain dynamics are associated with body fat percentage and sympathetic outflow in healthy adults.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2026Article
- Unveiling sex-specific cardiometabolic and adiposity risk profiles for precision prevention.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Causal relationship between body mass index and insulin resistance: Linear and nonlinear Mendelian randomization study in a Japanese population.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2025Article
- Facial Appearance and Markers of Cardiometabolic Risk in Healthy Adult Men.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- A Mendelian randomization study of the effect of body mass index on 52 causes of death among 125 000 Mexican adults with admixed ancestry.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Mechanistic exploration of obesity-related indicators and motor cognitive risk syndrome: a mediated effect based on C-reactive protein triglyceride glucose index.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Inflammatory and metabolic markers mediate the association between urinary metals and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Association Between Metabolic and Obesity Phenotypes and Diabetes Risk in Children and Adolescents.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2024Article
- The association between telomere length and blood lipids: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Sex differences in type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2023Review
- The impact of age-specific childhood body-mass index on adult cardiometabolic traits: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisExcess adiposity is differentially associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic disease in men and women, according to observational studies. Causal inference studies largely assume a linear relationship between BMI and cardiometabolic outcomes, which may not be the case. In this study, we investigated the shapes of the causal relationships between BMI and cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors. We further investigated sex differences within the causal framework.
methodsTo assess causal relationships between BMI and the outcomes, we used two-stage least-squares Mendelian randomisation (MR), with a polygenic risk score for BMI as the instrumental variable. To elucidate the shapes of the causal relationships, we used a non-linear MR fractional polynomial method, and used piecewise MR to investigate threshold relationships and confirm the shapes.
resultsBMI was associated with type 2 diabetes (OR 3.10; 95% CI 2.73, 3.53), hypertension (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.44, 1.62) and coronary artery disease (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.08, 1.33), but not chronic kidney disease (OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.67, 1.72) or stroke (OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.92, 1.28). The data suggest that these relationships are non-linear. For cardiometabolic risk factors, BMI was positively associated with glucose, HbA CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationWe describe the shapes of causal effects of BMI on cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors, and report sex differences in the causal effects of BMI on LDL-cholesterol. We found evidence of non-linearity in the causal effect of BMI on diseases and risk factor biomarkers. Reducing excess adiposity is highly beneficial for health, but there is greater need to consider biological sex in the management of adiposity.
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