ArticleInternational dental journal2023
A Study of the Facial Soft Tissue Morphology in Nasal- and Mouth-Breathing Patients.
Article in International dental journal, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hyperdivergency and lip posture in relation to self-reported sleepiness in adolescents.Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie · 2026Article
- Computational fluid dynamics simulation of upper airway flow and soft tissue deformation in a mouth-breathing patient: a case study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Correlation of malocclusion and mouth breathing rates from a novel monitor.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Precision in Facial Measurements: Comparative Analysis Between a Digital 3D Scanner and an Analog Instrument.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Open Mouth Posture Syndrome (OMPS): Classification.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Classification of Breathing Phase and Path with In-Ear Microphones.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Adenoid facies: a long-term vicious cycle of mouth breathing, adenoid hypertrophy, and atypical craniofacial development.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
- Article
- Influences of Adenoid Hypertrophy on Children's Maxillofacial Development.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Facial Characteristics of Individuals with Posterior Crossbite: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study aimed to investigate the 3-dimensional (3D) facial morphology of children with skeletal Class II structure with different breathing patterns.
methodsThe 3dMDFace system (3dMD Inc.) was used to obtain 3D facial images. A total of 65 patients aged 10 to 12 years with skeletal Class II malocclusion (A point-Nasion-B point angle >5°) were grouped by sex into nasal-breathing (NB) and mouth-breathing (MB) participants. A total of 19 measurements, including linear distances, angles, and ratios, were measured. The measurements were compared using independent sample t test and Mann-Whitney U test. Factor analysis and logistic regression were used to test the correlation between facial morphology and different breathing patterns.
resultsFor male children, the lower lip was longer in the MB group than in the NB group (P < .05). For female children, compared to NB, MB patients had a narrower mandibular width (P < .05), a smaller ratio of mandibular width to face height (MB: 0.99 ± 0.08 vs NB: 1.04 ± 0.09; P < .05), and a larger ratio of lower lip height to lip width (MB: 1.24 ± 0.10 vs NB: 1.19 ± 0.16; P < .05). In both male and female children, MB participants had a more convex nasolabial angle (P < .05) and an increased ratio of the lower part of the face to the upper facial height (male MB: 1.61 ± 0.17 vs male NB: 1.50 ± 0.12; female MB: 1.52 ± 0.10 vs female NB: 1.50 ± 0.20; P < .05). The logistic regression test showed no significant correlation between facial morphology and breathing patterns.
conclusionsIn participants with skeletal Class II pattern, MB children compared with NB children showed different facial morphology in the same sex group. The children with MB showed a more protruded upper lip and increased lower facial height, accounting for a larger proportion of the facial height. However, no significant correlation was found between facial morphology and breathing pattern. Only correlative trends were found.
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