Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36216941›Full record

ArticleNature medicine2022

Health effects associated with smoking: a Burden of Proof study.

Xiaochen Dai, Gabriela F Gil, Marissa B Reitsma, Noah S Ahmad, Jason A Anderson, Catherine Bisignano, Sinclair Carr, Rachel Feldman, Simon I Hay, Jiawei He and 16 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
136citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

136 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  12. Patterns of e-Cigarette Use and Smoking Cessation Outcomes: Secondary Analysis of a Large Randomised Controlled Trial to Inform Clinical Advice.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026
    Trial
  13. Trial
  14. Effectiveness of a Digital Health Game Intervention on Early Adolescent Smoking Refusal Self-Efficacy.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2024
    Trial
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
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  20. Article

76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors.

Xiaochen DaiInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. xdai88@uw.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0289-7814
Gabriela F GilInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Marissa B ReitsmaInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Noah S AhmadInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Jason A AndersonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Catherine BisignanoInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Sinclair CarrInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Rachel FeldmanInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Simon I HayInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-7272
Jiawei HeInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Vincent IannucciInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Hilary R LawlorInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Matthew J MalloyInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Laurie B MarczakInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Susan A McLaughlinInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Larissa MorikawaInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9749-8033
Erin C MullanyInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Sneha I NicholsonInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Erin M O'ConnellInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Chukwuma OkerekeInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Reed J D SorensenInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Joanna WhisnantInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Aleksandr Y AravkinInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Peng ZhengInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Christopher J L MurrayInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4930-9450
Emmanuela GakidouInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8992-591X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

As a leading behavioral risk factor for numerous health outcomes, smoking is a major ongoing public health challenge. Although evidence on the health effects of smoking has been widely reported, few attempts have evaluated the dose-response relationship between smoking and a diverse range of health outcomes systematically and comprehensively. In the present study, we re-estimated the dose-response relationships between current smoking and 36 health outcomes by conducting systematic reviews up to 31 May 2022, employing a meta-analytic method that incorporates between-study heterogeneity into estimates of uncertainty. Among the 36 selected outcomes, 8 had strong-to-very-strong evidence of an association with smoking, 21 had weak-to-moderate evidence of association and 7 had no evidence of association. By overcoming many of the limitations of traditional meta-analyses, our approach provides comprehensive, up-to-date and easy-to-use estimates of the evidence on the health effects of smoking. These estimates provide important information for tobacco control advocates, policy makers, researchers, physicians, smokers and the public.

Indexed as

SmokingSmoking CessationResearch DesignRisk Factors

Identifiers

PMID36216941
PMCPMC9556318

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.