ReviewJournal of the American Heart Association2022
Physiological Bases for the Superiority of Apolipoprotein B Over Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk.
Review in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of combining PCSK9 inhibitors with statins on major adverse cardiovascular events and lipid levels in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Evolocumab and Alirocumab as PCSK9 Inhibitors in Pediatric Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Pooled it
- Apolipoproteins, lipids, lipid-lowering drugs and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia: a meta-analysis and Mendelian randomisation study.Journal of neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Levothyroxine treatment response of cardiometabolic biomarkers in older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Trial
- Effect of a polyphenol-rich extract on LDL cholesterol in mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Trial
- Impact of a 12-week High-Intensity Interval Training With Spirulina Supplementation on Insulin Resistance-Mediated by Apo-A, -B, and -J in Men With Obesity HIIT With Spirulina on Apolipoproteins.European journal of sport science · 2025Trial
- Ketogenic diet but not free-sugar restriction alters glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, peripheral tissue phenotype, and gut microbiome: RCT.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Trial
- Multiomics Insights Linking Personal Care Products Exposure to Serum Lipid Profiles in Older Adults: The China BAPE Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2026Article
- Review
- Features of Lipid Disorders in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Anti-inflammatory agents in atherosclerosis-and a need for reform: Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Article
- Integrative biochemical and computational analysis identifies LOX-1 and IL-6R as therapeutic targets in oxidative, inflammatory and lipid dysregulation of ischemic stroke.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Circulating Family with Sequence Similarity 19, Member A5 as a Potential Indicator of Atherogenic Risk: Correlations with Low-Density Lipoprotein/Apolipoprotein B Ratio, Atherogenic Index, and Castelli Indices in Diet-Induced Obesity.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Risk-weighted apoB: a novel summary metric outperforming traditional lipid biomarkers in predicting coronary heart disease.European heart journal · 2026Article
- Comparing the 2025 ESC/EAS Focused Update and the 2026 ACC/AHA Dyslipidemia Guideline: Convergences, Divergences, and Practical Implications.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2026Review
- Timed secreted proteomes reveal regulation of hepatokines by the liver circadian clock.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Method Comparison of Dried Blood Spot and Plasma Apolipoprotein B Measurement on a Semi-Automated Analyser: Toward Accessible Lipid Profiling in Resource-Limited Settings.Analytical science advances · 2026Article
- Association of serum biomarkers for lipid and amino acid metabolism with cognition in adolescents.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Targeting CDH13 as a therapeutic strategy to mitigate pathological ocular angiogenesis.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Review
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
In 2019, the European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society stated that apolipoprotein B (apoB) was a more accurate marker of cardiovascular risk than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Since then, the evidence has continued to mount in favor of apoB. This review explicates the physiological mechanisms responsible for the superiority of apoB as a marker of the cardiovascular risk attributable to the atherogenic apoB lipoprotein particles chylomicron remnants, very low-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein particles. First, the nature and relative numbers of these different apoB particles will be outlined. This will make clear why low-density lipoprotein particles are almost always the major determinants of cardiovascular risk and why the concentrations of triglycerides and LDL-C may obscure this relation. Next, the mechanisms that govern the number of very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein particles will be outlined because, except for dysbetalipoproteinemia, the total number of apoB particles determines cardiovascular risk, Then, the mechanisms that govern the cholesterol mass within very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein particles will be reviewed because these are responsible for the discordance between the mass of cholesterol within apoB particles, measured either as LDL-C or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the number of apoB particles measured as apoB, which creates the superior predictive power of apoB over LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Finally, the major apoB dyslipoproteinemias will be briefly outlined. Our objective is to provide a physiological framework for health care givers to understand why apoB is a more accurate marker of cardiovascular risk than LDL-C or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.