ArticleInflammation2023
SARS-CoV-2 Variants Show a Gradual Declining Pathogenicity and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Stimulation, an Increasing Antigenic and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Induction, and Rising Structural Protein Instability: A Minimal Number Genome-Based Approach.
Article in Inflammation, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- An ATP-Driven N Protein-DDX21 Molecular Switch Dynamically Controls SARS-CoV-2 RNA G-Quadruplex Heterogeneity.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Selection of Novel DNA Aptamers against HPV16 Biomarker, E6: AnACS omega · 2026Article
- In Silico Modeling of Structural Compatibility and Alignment Between Viral Class I Fusion Cores and Human TLR4/MD-2.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Tracking the evolution of biomarker efficacy in SARS-CoV-2: a global meta-analyses series.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Post-Exertional Malaise in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Shift in the Frequency Across Pandemic Phases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- A narrative review of SARS-CoV-2 variants and long COVID.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Review
- In silico discovery of natural compound-derived multi-target inhibitor for Huntington's disease therapy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Dynamic Interaction Between SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus Infection in Human Respiratory Tissues and Cells.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- 4D-DIA Proteomics Uncovers New Insights into Host Salivary Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection.Journal of proteome research · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular events following coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in adults: a nationwide Swedish study.European heart journal · 2025Article
- Article
- The role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling in COVID-19 pathology and its therapeutic potential.Frontiers in molecular medicine · 2025Review
- The innate immune response in SARS-CoV2 infection: focus on toll-like receptor 4 in severe disease outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- DDX21 at the Nexus of RNA Metabolism, Cancer Oncogenesis, and Host-Virus Crosstalk: Decoding Its Biomarker Potential and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- SARS-CoV2 infection in whole lung primarily targets macrophages that display subset-specific responses.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- Immune and inflammation features of severe and critical Omicron infected patients during Omicron wave in China.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- In Silico Analyses Indicate a Lower Potency for Dimerization of TLR4/MD-2 as the Reason for the Lower Pathogenicity of Omicron Compared to Wild-Type Virus and Earlier SARS-CoV-2 Variants.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- COVID-19 immune signatures in Uganda persist in HIV co-infection and diverge by pandemic phase.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Targeting the receptor binding domain and heparan sulfate binding for antiviral drug development against SARS-CoV-2 variants.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 10 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hyper-transmissibility with decreased disease severity is a typical characteristic of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. To understand this phenomenon, we used various bioinformatics approaches to analyze randomly selected genome sequences (one each) of the Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants submitted to NCBI from December 15 to 31, 2021. We report that the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants decreases in the order of Wuhan > Gamma > Delta > Omicron; however, the antigenic property follows the order of Omicron > Gamma > Wuhan > Delta. The Omicron spike RBD shows lower pathogenicity but higher antigenicity than other variants. The reported decreased disease severity by the Omicron variant may be due to its decreased pro-inflammatory and IL-6 stimulation and increased IFN-γ and IL-4 induction efficacy. The mutations in the N protein are probably associated with this decreased IL-6 induction and human DDX21-mediated increased IL-4 production for Omicron. Due to the mutations, the stability of S, M, N, and E proteins decreases in the order of Omicron > Gamma > Delta > Wuhan. Although a stronger spike RBD-hACE2 binding of Omicron increases its transmissibility, the lowest stability of its spike protein makes spike RBD-hACE2 interaction weak for systemic infection and for causing severe disease. Finally, the highest instability of the Omicron E protein may also be associated with decreased viral maturation and low viral load, leading to less severe disease and faster recovery. Our findings will contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants and the management of emerging variants. This minimal genome-based method may be used for other similar viruses avoiding robust analysis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.