ReviewWellcome open research2022
Sexual Dimorphism in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection: Evidence to Inform Elimination Efforts.
Review in Wellcome open research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trends in hepatitis B virus seroprevalence in a large cohort of adult cancer patients from 2010 to 2023.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- Trends in Comorbidities and Fatalities Among First-Time Hepatitis B Hospitalizations in Poland (2012-2023).Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Sexual dimorphism in the liver.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Hepatitis B and D burden in Uzbekistan: comprehensive analysis of seroprevalence and risk correlates from a countrywide study.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Article
- Global, Regional, and National Burden of Liver Cancer from 1990 to 2021 and Projections to 2050: A Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Gut and liver · 2026Article
- Characterization of multi-stage metabolic alterations in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure using high-coverage metabolomics.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2026Article
- Primary liver cancer at tertiary healthcare facility in Guinea: a cross-sectional study.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- National Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Tunisia Two Decades After Vaccine Introduction.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Sex-specific burdens of acute hepatitis B and C and their attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Epidemiological and clinical profile of viral hepatitis B and C among adult patients attending Hepatitis clinic at Rwanda Military Referral and Teaching Hospital: a retrospective cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- HBV and HCV Burden in a Greek Hospital Population (2018-2024): Trends and Correlates of HBsAg and Anti-HCV Positivity.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association between ABO/Rh blood groups and transfusion-transmitted infections among Turkish blood donors: a comprehensive demographic analysis (2015-2021).BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Chronic blood-borne viral hepatitis in a tertiary hospital in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia: epidemiology, liver enzyme correlations, and treatment outcomes.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Occult hepatitis B virus infection among hepatitis B surface antigen negative vaccinated healthcare workers in East Gojjam zone hospitals.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Early sex-related transcriptional differences in CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Viral hepatitis among vulnerable migrant and refugee populations in Europe - an expert perspective from the Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board.Wellcome open research · 2026Article
- Host biological sex directs immune control of theFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Incidence and determinants of achieving HBsAg <100 IU/mL in HBeAg-negative CHB patients with nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Tissue-resident memory CD8Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in infectious diseases refers to the different infection susceptibilities and outcomes between males and females, and has been described for many pathogens, including hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV is a substantial global health problem, with close to 300 million people chronically infected, and accounting for a million deaths each year, with an urgent need for enhanced interventions to support progress towards elimination goals. Sexual dimorphism has a strong influence in HBV infection, with males more likely to be exposed, to develop chronic infection, and to suffer from complications including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to females. Different outcomes are driven by differential immune responses, sexual dimorphism of the liver, and androgen response elements in the HBV genome. The impact of sex may also vary with age, with changes at puberty and influences of menarche, pregnancy and menopause in females. In addition, gender has complex influences on education, beliefs, behaviour and access to / engagement with healthcare services, which may contribute to differences in diagnosis and treatment. Interplay between these complex factors, alongside other attributes of host, virus and the environment, accounts for different outcomes of infection. However, gaps remain in our understanding of sexual dimorphism in HBV, and little effort has previously been made to harness this knowledge for translational gains. In this review, we assimilate human and animal data to consider the mechanism, outcomes and impact of sexual dimorphism, and consider how these insights can be used to inform advances in surveillance, treatment and prevention for HBV infection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.