ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Coexistence of multiple anti-neuronal antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis in China: A multi-center study.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Anti-Zic4- and Anti-NMDAR-Positive Patients and Their Correlation with Clinical Course and Image Diagnostic Findings-Case Reports.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A case of autoimmune encephalitis with autoimmune gastritis presenting as refractory hyponatremia.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Systemic and organ-specific autoantibodies and worse outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis: a multicenter cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
- Article
- Efgartigimod treatment for therapy-refractory autoimmune encephalitis with coexistent NMDAR and LGI1 antibodies: a case report and literature review.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Successful sequential treatment with ofatumumab followed by efgartigimod for refractory autoimmune encephalitis with dual anti-NMDAR and anti-GFAP antibody positivity: first case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Autoimmune encephalitis with coexisting antibodies to GABABR, GAD65, SOX1 and Ma2.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- Clinical characteristics of autoimmune encephalitis with co-existence of multiple anti-neuronal antibodies.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- Review of clinical and imaging findings in autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy to aid in early diagnosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- A Case Report and Literature Review on Positivity for Multiple Antibodies: Autoimmune Encephalitis in Focus.Cureus · 2023Article
- An overview on CV2/CRMP5 antibody-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.Neural regeneration research · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Given that the combination of multiple antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is rare and its clinical significance is unclear, this study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and significance of overlapping multiple anti-neuronal antibodies in patients with AE. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognostic details of 22 patients with multiple coexisting antibodies from multiple clinical centers in China. Results: Among the 276 patients who were AE antibody-positive, 22 (7.97%) had two or more antibodies. Among the 22 patients with coexisting AE-related antibodies, 14 patients (63.63%) were combined of cell surface and intracellular antibody, and the remaining 8 patients (36.36%) were detected to be cell surface antibody positive only. The main symptoms of the 22 patients in this cohort included fever, seizures, memory impairment, cognitive decline, and sleep disorders. Five (22.73%) patients had tumors, among whom four had small-cell lung cancers, and one had mediastinal tumors. A total of 20 patients were treated with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, and 18 showed varying degrees of symptomatic improvement after first-line immunotherapy. Three patients died of tumor progression or chemotherapy complications. Conclusion: The coexistence of multiple anti-neuronal antibodies in patients with AE may cause a superimposition and diversification of clinical manifestations. Combined paraneoplastic antibody positivity may be suggestive of an underlying malignancy.
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