ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2022
Sex steroid hormones and risk of breast cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.
Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Associations Between the TyG Index and the Risk of Cancer-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cancer medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Relationship Between Breast Cancer Risk and Polymorphisms in CLOCK Gene: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Biochemical genetics · 2023Pooled it
- Vitamin D Supplementation and Testosterone Levels in Breast Cancer Survivors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Trial
- Novel Steroidal (Thio)barbiturate Hybrids: From Design to Preclinical Assessment in Tumor Therapy.ChemMedChem · 2026Article
- Blood-based obesity biomarkers and their relevance for disease risk.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Clinical and Pathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Breast Cancer During Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Observational
- Metabolic Fingerprinting of Urine Reveals Metabolite Changes in Women With Breast Cancer.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- The association betweenFrontiers in genetics · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer Burden in BRICS Countries Attributable to Smoking, High Alcohol Use, High Body Mass Index, and Low Physical Activity, 1990-2021: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 and Mendelian Randomization.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Bioavailable testosterone reduces the risk of lung squamous cell carcinoma: a comprehensive data study.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Trends and projections of global gynaecological cancer burden: age-period-cohort insights from Global Burden of Disease 2021.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Breast Cancer Risk After Hysterectomy: A Health Insurance Database-Based Analysis.Journal of breast cancer · 2025Article
- Constructing shared genetic architecture between bioavailable testosterone and luminal A breast cancer in female.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- Causal Effects of Breast Cancer Risk Factors across Hormone Receptor Breast Cancer Subtypes: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Causal relationships between four types of lipids and breast cancer risk with potential mediators: evidence from Mendelian randomization study and bioinformatics analysis.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Association between triglyceride-glucose related indicators, genetic risk, and incident breast cancer among postmenopausal women in UK Biobank.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- The application of mendelian randomization in cancer research: a bibliometric analysis.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Testosterone Supplementation: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Multi-disease transcriptomic analysis of sex hormone genes reveals a novel prognostic model for thyroid cancer with breast cancer correlations.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBreast cancer (BC) has the highest cancer incidence and mortality in women worldwide. Observational epidemiological studies suggest a positive association between testosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and other sex steroid hormones with postmenopausal BC. We used a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate this association.
methodsGenetic instruments for nine sex steroid hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of UK Biobank (total testosterone (TT) N: 230,454, bioavailable testosterone (BT) N: 188,507 and SHBG N: 189,473), The United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study (DHEAS N: 9722), the LIFE-Adult and LIFE-Heart cohorts (estradiol N: 2607, androstenedione N: 711, aldosterone N: 685, progesterone N: 1259 and 17-hydroxyprogesterone N: 711) and the CORtisol NETwork (CORNET) consortium (cortisol N: 25,314). Outcome GWAS summary statistics were obtained from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) for overall BC risk (N: 122,977 cases and 105,974 controls) and subtype-specific analyses.
resultsWe found that a standard deviation (SD) increase in TT, BT and estradiol increased the risk of overall BC (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.09-1.21, OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07-1.33 and OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06, respectively) and ER + BC (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.12-1.27, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.11-1.40 and OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.09, respectively). An SD increase in DHEAS also increased ER + BC risk (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.16). Subtype-specific analyses showed similar associations with ER+ expressing subtypes: luminal A-like BC, luminal B-like BC and luminal B/HER2-negative-like BC.
conclusionsTT, BT, DHEAS and estradiol increase the risk of ER+ type BCs similar to observational studies. Understanding the role of sex steroid hormones in BC risk, particularly subtype-specific risks, highlights the potential importance of attempts to modify and/or monitor hormone levels in order to prevent BC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.