ArticleMalaria journal2022
Deletion patterns, genetic variability and protein structure of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3: implications for malaria rapid diagnostic test in Amhara region, Ethiopia.
Article in Malaria journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of an Oxford nanopore sequencing technology-based whole genome sequencing method for Plasmodium falciparum to support malaria molecular surveillance.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Are HRP2/3 deletions silently crippling malaria rapid diagnostic tests?The Indian journal of medical research · 2026Review
- Local variability inMalariaWorld journal · 2026Article
- Analysis of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions, and the structure and variability of PfHRP2 and PfHRP3 proteins: implications for the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Cubal, Angola.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum parasites with pfhrp2 exon 2 gene deletion in symptomatic malaria patients across Ghana in 2021.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Evaluation of dried blood spot sampling for real-time PCR malaria diagnostics in a rural setting in Angola.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Contrasting sequence polymorphism and structural basis patterns ofJournal of biosciences · 2025Article
- Article
- A Countrywide Survey of hrp2/3 Deletions and kelch13 Mutations Co-occurrence in Ethiopia.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Real-time PCR for malaria diagnosis and identification of Plasmodium species in febrile patients in Cubal, Angola.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Malaria diagnosis challenges andPathogens and global health · 2024Article
- Novel Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2/3 repeat type in Ethiopian malaria infection: does this affect performance of HRP2-based malaria RDT?Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Evolution of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 deletions in Equatorial Guinea between the pre- and post-RDT introduction.Malaria journal · 2024Article
- First field and laboratory evaluation of LAMP assay for malaria diagnosis in Cubal, Angola.Parasites & vectors · 2023Article
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Abstract
backgroundAlthough rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) play a key role in malaria-control strategies, their efficacy has been threatened by deletion and genetic variability of the genes pfhrp2/3. This study aims to characterize the deletion, genetic patterns and diversity of these genes and their implication for malaria RDT effectiveness, as well as their genetic evolution in the Amhara region of Ethiopia.
methodsThe study included 354 isolates from symptomatic patients from the Amhara region of Ethiopia who tested positive by microscopy. Exon 1-2 and exon 2 of genes pfhrp2 and -3 were amplified, and exon 2 was sequenced to analyse the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationship and epitope availability.
resultsThe deletion frequency in exon 1-2 and exon 2 was 22 and 4.6% for pfhrp2, and 68 and 18% for pfhrp3, respectively. Double deletion frequency for pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 was 1.4%. High genetic diversity, lack of clustering by phylogenetic analysis and evidence of positive selection suggested a diversifying selection for both genes. The amino-acid sequences, classified into different haplotypes, varied widely in terms of frequency of repeats, with novel amino-acid changes. Aminoacidic repetition type 2 and type 7 were the most frequent in all the sequences. The most frequent epitopes among protein sequences were those recognized by MAbs 3A4 and C1-13.
conclusionDeletions and high amino acidic variation in pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 suggest their possible impact on RDT use in the Amhara region, and the high genetic diversity of these genes could be associated with a diversifying selection in Ethiopia. Surveillance of these genes is, therefore, essential to ensure the effectiveness of public health interventions in this region.
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