ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2023
Fatty Acid Transfer from Blood to Milk Is Disrupted in Mothers with Low Milk Production, Obesity, and Inflammation.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07457515 (Analysis of the Transmission of Overweight/Obesity in the Mother-breastmilk-child Triad in Relation to Maternal Cardiometabolic Status and Diet), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Analysis of the Transmission of Overweight/Obesity in the Mother-breastmilk-child Triad in Relation to Maternal Cardiometabolic Status and Diet
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Defining lactation outcomes, milk composition, and breastfeeding safety for women with chronic kidney disease: protocol for a prospective observational study.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Impact of maternal hypothyroidism on human milk macronutrient content and fatty acid composition: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Gestational weight gain and maternal immediate perinatal and postpartum outcomes in low and middle income countries: individual participant data meta-analyses.BMJ medicine · 2026Article
- Adiposity-dependent adipokine-immunoglobulin interplay in mature breast milk.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Observational
- Defining Low Milk Supply: A Data-Driven Diagnostic Framework and Risk Factor Analysis for Breastfeeding Women.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Effect of MaternalCurrent developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Adipocytokine profiles in maternal obesity: The impact of lipoinflammation on serum, breastmilk, and infant metabolic development.Clinical pediatric endocrinology : case reports and clinical investigations : official journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Genomic characterization of normal and aberrant human milk production.Science advances · 2025Article
- The Associations of Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index With Human Milk Fatty Acid and Phospholipid Composition in the Observational Norwegian Human Milk Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Observational
- Maternal adiposity moderates associations between dietary, serum, and human milk n-3 and n-6 PUFA.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Milk Composition Is Predictive of Low Milk Supply Using Machine Learning Approaches.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Maternal Breast Growth and Body Mass Index Are Associated with Low Milk Production in Women.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Association of Human Milk Fatty Acid Composition with Maternal Cardiometabolic Diseases: An Exploratory Prospective Cohort Study.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2024Article
- Milk Biomarkers of Secretory Activation in Breast Pump-Dependent Mothers of Preterm Infants: An Integrative Review.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2024Review
- Understanding the Immunological Quality of Breast Milk in Maternal Overweight and Obesity.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Importance of human milk for infants in the clinical setting: Updates and mechanistic links.Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · 2023Review
- The contributions of parental lactation on offspring development: It's not udder nonsense!Hormones and behavior · 2023Review
- Maternal High-Fat Diet Consumption in Sprague Dawley Rats Compromised the Availability and Altered the Tissue Distribution of Lutein in Neonatal Offspring.Metabolites · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundObesity is associated with chronic inflammation and is a risk factor for insufficient milk production. Inflammation-mediated suppression of LPL could inhibit mammary uptake of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs; >16 carbons).
objectivesIn an ancillary case-control analysis, we investigated whether women with low milk production despite regular breast emptying have elevated inflammation and disrupted transfer of LCFAs from plasma into milk.
methodsData and specimens from a low milk supply study and an exclusively breastfeeding control group were analyzed, with milk production measured by 24-h test-weighing at 2-10 wk postpartum. Low milk supply groups were defined as very low (VL; <300 mL/d; n = 23) or moderate (MOD; ≥300 mL/d; n = 20) milk production, and compared with controls (≥699 mL/d; n = 18). Serum and milk fatty acids (weight% of total) were measured by GC, serum and milk TNF-α by ELISA, and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) by clinical analyzer. Group differences were assessed by linear regression models, chi-square exact tests, and Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric tests.
resultsVL cases, as compared with MOD cases and controls, had higher prevalence of elevated serum hsCRP (>5 mg/L; 57%, 15%, and 22%, respectively; P = 0.004), detectable milk TNF-α (67%, 32%, and 33%, respectively; P = 0.04), and obesity (78%, 40%, and 22%, respectively; P = 0.003). VL cases had lower mean ± SD LCFAs in milk (60% ± 3%) than MOD cases (65% ± 4%) and controls (66% ± 5%) (P < 0.001). Milk and serum LCFAs were strongly correlated in controls (r = 0.82, P < 0.001), but not in the MOD (r = 0.25, P = 0.30) or VL (r = 0.20, P = 0.41) groups (Pint < 0.001).
conclusionsMothers with very low milk production have significantly higher obesity and inflammatory biomarkers, lower LCFAs in milk, and disrupted association between plasma and milk LCFAs. These data support the hypothesis that inflammation disrupts normal mammary gland fatty acid uptake. Further research should address impacts of inflammation and obesity on mammary fatty acid uptake for milk production.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.