ArticleNature communications2022
The spike gene is a major determinant for the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-BA.1 phenotype.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Monitoring viral evolution and epidemiological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 during 2022-2023 using Integrated Genomic Surveillance.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- An integrated framework for early detection and transmissibility assessment of emerging variants in wastewater.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2026Article
- Chronic and non-canonical cGAS-STING activation: implications for health, disease, cancer, and emerging therapeutic opportunities.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- Stealth replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in the nasal epithelium at physiological temperature.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Increased pathogenicity and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.9 subvariants, including HK.3 and EG.5.1, relative to BA.2.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Dynamic impact of bivalent COVID-19 vaccine boosters on systemic and mucosal antibody and T cell immunity.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Domain-Specific Impacts of Spike Protein Mutations on Infectivity and Antibody Escape in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Household clusters of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants contemporaneously sequenced from dogs and their owners.mSphere · 2025Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2: The Interplay Between Evolution and Host Immunity.Annual review of immunology · 2025Review
- Aging shapes infection profiles of influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 in human precision-cut lung slices.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Spike gene variability in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus as a determinant for virulence.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Genetic Risk of Different Populations in COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- Phenotypic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike during the COVID-19 pandemic.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- The Pestivirus RNase EViruses · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variations reveal mechanisms controlling cell entry dynamics and antibody neutralization.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants progressively adapt to human cells with altered host cell entry.mSphere · 2024Article
- A safe, effective and adaptable live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to reduce disease and transmission using one-to-stop genome modifications.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- A versatile automated pipeline for quantifying virus infectivity by label-free light microscopy and artificial intelligence.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The SARS-CoV-2 Spike is a virulence determinant and plays a major role on the attenuated phenotype of Omicron virus in a feline model of infection.Journal of virology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
44 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Variant of concern (VOC) Omicron-BA.1 has achieved global predominance in early 2022. Therefore, surveillance and comprehensive characterization of Omicron-BA.1 in advanced primary cell culture systems and animal models are urgently needed. Here, we characterize Omicron-BA.1 and recombinant Omicron-BA.1 spike gene mutants in comparison with VOC Delta in well-differentiated primary human nasal and bronchial epithelial cells in vitro, followed by in vivo fitness characterization in hamsters, ferrets and hACE2-expressing mice, and immunized hACE2-mice. We demonstrate a spike-mediated enhancement of early replication of Omicron-BA.1 in nasal epithelial cultures, but limited replication in bronchial epithelial cultures. In hamsters, Delta shows dominance over Omicron-BA.1, and in ferrets Omicron-BA.1 infection is abortive. In hACE2-knock-in mice, Delta and a Delta spike clone also show dominance over Omicron-BA.1 and an Omicron-BA.1 spike clone, respectively. Interestingly, in naïve K18-hACE2 mice, we observe Delta spike-mediated increased replication and pathogenicity and Omicron-BA.1 spike-mediated reduced replication and pathogenicity, suggesting that the spike gene is a major determinant of replication and pathogenicity. Finally, the Omicron-BA.1 spike clone is less well-controlled by mRNA-vaccination in K18-hACE2-mice and becomes more competitive compared to the progenitor and Delta spike clones, suggesting that spike gene-mediated immune evasion is another important factor that led to Omicron-BA.1 dominance.
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Registered trials
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