ReviewApplied microbiology and biotechnology2022
A child is not an adult: development of a new in vitro model of the toddler colon.
Review in Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of microplastics on the human gut microbiome: a systematic review of microbial composition, diversity, and metabolic disruptions.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Pooled it
- From diet to function: using synthetic microbial communities to map gut microbial interactions.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- A Combination of Inulin and Long-Chain Fructooligosaccharides EnhancesJournal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2026Article
- Small intestine is not colon: a newGut microbes · 2025Article
- Effects of prebiotics from diverse sources on dysbiotic gut microbiota associated to western diet: Insights from the human Mucosal ARtificial COLon (M-ARCOL).Current research in food science · 2025Article
- Microbiota and metabolome dynamics induced by Shiga toxin-producingMicrobial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2025Article
- Cultivating complexity: Advancements in establishing in vitro models for the mucus-adhering gut microbiota.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Review
- Impact of Western Diet on EnterohemorrhagicNutrients · 2024Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Early life is a critical period where gut ecosystem and functions are being established with significant impact on health. For regulatory, technical, and cost reasons, in vitro gut models can be used as a relevant alternative to in vivo assays. An exhaustive literature review was conducted to adapt the Mucosal Artificial Colon (M-ARCOL) to specific physicochemical (pH, transit time, and nutritional composition of ileal effluents) and microbial parameters from toddlers in the age range of 6 months-3 years, resulting in the Tm-ARCOL. In vitro fermentations were performed to validate this newly developed colonic model compared to in vivo toddler data. Results were also compared to those obtained with the classical adult configuration. Fecal samples from 5 toddlers and 4 adults were used to inoculate bioreactors, and continuous fermentations were performed for 8 days. Gut microbiota structure (lumen and mucus-associated microbiota) and functions (gas and short-chain fatty acids) were monitored. Clearly distinct microbial signatures were obtained between the two in vitro conditions, with lower α-diversity indices and higher abundances of infant-related microbial populations (e.g., Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae) in toddler versus adult conditions. In accordance with in vivo data, methane was found only in adult bioreactors, while higher percentage of acetate but lower proportions of propionate and butyrate was measured in toddlers compared to adults. This new in vitro model will provide a powerful platform for gut microbiome mechanistic studies in a pediatric context, both in nutritional- (e.g., nutrients, probiotics, prebiotics) and health-related (e.g., drugs, enteric pathogens) studies. KEY POINTS: • Development of a novel in vitro colonic model recapitulating the toddler environment. • Specific toddler versus adult digestive conditions are preserved in vitro. • The new model provides a powerful platform for microbiome mechanistic studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.