Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36202599›Full record

Trial reportThe British journal of ophthalmology2023

Risk factors for corneal ulcers: a population-based matched case-control study in Nepal.

Raghunandan Byanju, Ram Prasad Kandel, Bimal Poudyal, Sadhan Bhandari, Anju Ligal, Sangita Pradhan, Maria Gautam, Puspa Shrestha, Ranjeet Kumar Sah, John A Gonzales and 8 more

Open access · greenAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
0.8field-weighted citation impact, top 30% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
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  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.

Raghunandan Byanju *Bharatpur Eye Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal.
Ram Prasad Kandel *Bharatpur Eye Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal.
Bimal PoudyalBharatpur Eye Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal.
Sadhan BhandariBharatpur Eye Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal.
Anju LigalBharatpur Eye Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal.
Sangita PradhanBharatpur Eye Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal.
Maria GautamBharatpur Eye Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal.
Puspa ShresthaBharatpur Eye Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal.
Ranjeet Kumar SahBharatpur Eye Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal.
John A GonzalesFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0558-9793
Travis C PorcoFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8813-3171
John P WhitcherFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Muthiah SrinivasanCornea, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, India.ORCID 0000-0003-4413-2892
Madan Prasad UpadhyayBP Eye Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Thomas M LietmanFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Jeremy David KeenanFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7118-1457
Kieran S O'BrienFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA kieran.obrien@ucsf.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-1962-5321
Village-Integrated Eye Worker Trial Group
Biratnagar Eye Hospital · NPUniversity of California, San Francisco · USAravind Eye Hospital · INSeva Foundation · USTilganga Institute of Ophthalmology · NP

Funding

Village Integrated Eye Workers TrialU10EY022880 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI LIETMAN, THOMAS M · 2013 to 2017
$2.3M
NEI NIH HHS U10 EY022880
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

aimsWe aimed to examine risk factors for corneal ulcer in a rural and peri-urban setting in Nepal.

methodsThis population-based matched case-control study was nested in a cluster randomised trial in 24 village development committees in Nepal. Incidence density sampling was used to match incident corneal opacity cases to controls, matching on time of opacity, age, sex and location. Cases and controls were invited to participate in a survey of risk factors for corneal ulcer. Risk factors were evaluated using conditional logistic regression to account for matching.

resultsOf the 540 participants with incident opacities identified in the trial, 433 were willing to participate in this substudy and matched to a control. Compared with controls, cases had lower odds of having any education vs no education (adjusted OR, aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.94), working in non-manual labour occupations vs manual labour occupations (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.95) and preferring medical shops for ocular trauma versus eye care system centres (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.92). Cases had higher odds of protective goggle use versus no protection (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 11.0) and having an ocular injury vs none (aOR 7.7, 95% CI 4.3 to 13.6) compared with controls.

conclusionWe found ocular injury, manual labour and lower education to be strongly associated with the development of corneal ulcer. Given the persistent burden of corneal blindness in this area, prevention efforts could target efforts to increase access to care in areas where these factors are common.

Indexed as

Corneal UlcerCase-Control StudiesCorneaHumansNepalRisk Factorscorneaepidemiologypublic health

Identifiers

PMID36202599
PMCPMC10076439
OpenAlexW4303183961

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.