Evidence map›Paper›PMID 36202366›Full record

ArticleThe Science of the total environment2023

Sensor-based evaluation of a Urine Trap toilet in a shared bathroom.

Prateek Kachoria, Sarani Sasidaran, Claire M Welling, Praveen Rosario, Jin Zhou, Krishnendu Chakrabarty, Harald Gründl, Lotte Kristoferitsch, Sonia Grego

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Science of the total environment, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
0.5field-weighted citation impact, top 35% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Prateek KachoriaRTI International India, New Delhi 110 037, India.
Sarani SasidaranRTI International India, New Delhi 110 037, India.
Claire M WellingCenter for Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Infectious Disease (WASH-AID), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Praveen RosarioRTI International India, New Delhi 110 037, India.
Jin ZhouDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Krishnendu ChakrabartyDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
Harald GründlEOOS Design GmbH, Zelinkagasse 2/6, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
Lotte KristoferitschEOOS Design GmbH, Zelinkagasse 2/6, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
Sonia GregoCenter for Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Infectious Disease (WASH-AID), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Electronic address: sonia.grego@duke.edu.
Duke University · US

Funding

Gates Foundation INV-001513Gates Foundation INV-007442
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Urine diversion in a No-Mix Toilet is a promising approach for sustainable fertilizers and reduction of the nutrient load for wastewater treatment; however, user adoption remains a challenge. This study evaluates the Urine Trap, a passive No-Mix toilet design based on the teapot effect, wherein the urine stream inlet is invisible to the user and therefore it does not impact the user experience for increased adoption. This study evaluated the nutrient separation performance of a Urine Trap flush toilet in a bathroom shared by women in two sites in India. Over three different testing periods, 841 uses of this squat plate were recorded in 50 days. Analytical measurements found 36 % separation efficiency for total nitrogen (TN). While effective, the Urine Trap under test by users did not yield a 70-80 % TN separation efficiency observed under engineering characterization. High temporal resolution data from sensors on waste collection tanks, the opening of the bathroom door, and cleansing water flow were used to gain insights into hygiene practices. The data showed a frequent habit of wetting the squat plate during physiological excretion, a hygienic practice that eases cleaning but degrades the teapot separation effect of the Urine Trap design. By using sensors, we demonstrate a method to non-invasively gain quantitative insights into hygiene practices to inform sanitation technologies deployment strategies for improved outcomes.

Indexed as

Bathroom EquipmentWater PurificationFemaleFertilizersHumansNitrogenSanitationToilet FacilitiesUrineFertilizersNitrogenNitrogen pollutionSource-separation toiletTime series analysisUrine diversionUser testing

Identifiers

PMID36202366
PMCPMC9742848
OpenAlexW4300862861

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.