ReviewCurrent environmental health reports2022
Sex Differences in Dopaminergic Vulnerability to Environmental Toxicants - Implications for Parkinson's Disease.
Review in Current environmental health reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global trends of early-onset Parkinson's disease from 1990 to 2021, and projections until to 2030: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- The Impact of Chemical Toxicants and Air Pollutants on Neurodegenerative Disorders and Their Underlying Potential Mechanisms: A Literature Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- VGLUT2 in Parkinson's disease: an emerging therapeutic target.Expert opinion on therapeutic targets · 2026Review
- The Vesicular Glutamate Transporter Modulates Sex and Region-Specific Differences in Dopaminergic Neuron α-Synuclein Toxicity by Modifying Cytosolic Dopamine Levels.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- ALDH1/2 deficiency modulates dieldrin-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration and reactive glial morphometry in male mice.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Article
- Alternate-day fasting ameliorates α-synuclein pathology and suppresses inflammation via the gut-brain axis in an MPTP-induced subacute mouse model of Parkinson's disease.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Article
- dVGLUT Is a Mediator of Sex Differences in Dopamine Neuron Mitochondrial Function Across Aging and in a Parkinson's Disease Model.Aging cell · 2025Article
- Sexually dimorphic mechanisms of VGLUT-mediated protection from dopaminergic neurodegeneration.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Temporal and geographical dynamics of early-onset Parkinson's disease burden: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Developmental origins of Parkinson's disease risk: perinatal exposure to the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin leads to sex-specific DNA modifications in critical neurodevelopmental pathways in the mouse midbrain.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2024Article
- Dopamine D2 Receptor Activation Blocks GluA2/ROS Positive Feedback Loop to Alienate Chronic-Migraine-Associated Pain Sensitization.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Developmental origins of Parkinson's disease risk: perinatal exposure to the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin leads to sex-specific DNA modifications in critical neurodevelopmental pathways in the mouse midbrain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- STAT3 protects dopaminergic neurons against degeneration in animal model of Parkinson's disease.Brain research · 2024Article
- The association between brominated flame retardants exposure with Parkinson's disease in US adults: a cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2016.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Low-dose inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration in rodents.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2023Article
- Developmental exposure to the Parkinson's disease-associated organochlorine pesticide dieldrin alters dopamine neurotransmission in α-synuclein pre-formed fibril (PFF)-injected mice.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purpose of reviewSex dimorphism in Parkinson's disease (PD) is an ostensible feature of the neurological disorder, particularly as men are 1.5-2 times more likely to develop PD than women. Clinical features of the disease, such as presentation at onset, most prevalent symptoms, and response to treatment, are also affected by sex. Despite these well-known sex differences in PD risk and phenotype, the mechanisms that impart sex dimorphisms in PD remain poorly understood. RECENT
findingsAs PD incidence is influenced by environmental factors, an intriguing pattern has recently emerged in research studies suggesting a male-specific vulnerability to dopaminergic neurodegeneration caused by neurotoxicant exposure, with relative protection in females. These new experimental data have uncovered potential mechanisms that provide clues to the source of sex differences in dopaminergic neurodegeneration and other PD pathology such as alpha-synuclein toxicity. In this review, we discuss the emerging evidence of increased male sensitivity to neurodegeneration from environmental exposures. We examine mechanisms underlying dopaminergic neurodegeneration and PD-related pathologies with evidence supporting the roles of estrogen, SRY expression, the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2, and the microbiome as prospective catalysts for male vulnerability. We also highlight the importance of including sex as a biological variable, particularly when evaluating dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the context of PD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.