ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2023
Sex and Gender Multidimensionality in Epidemiologic Research.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gender disparities in hospital admission patterns during the COVID-19 health emergency: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Sex/gender differences in the association between behavioural factors and cancers: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with quantitative synthesis.Biology of sex differences · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of Glaucoma Among US Adults in 2022.JAMA ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Gender-responsive infectious disease models: Guidelines and systematic scoping review.Dialogues in health · 2026Review
- Data Resource Profile: Australia's Person Level Integrated Data Asset (PLIDA).International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- The Extent Of Gender/Sex Variables Included In Clinical Algorithms Across Medical Specialties.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2026Article
- Adverse life events and cognition in older adults: the role of gender and psychological resilience.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Associations between socio-demographic patterns, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorder risk in women: a cluster-based approach.Journal of eating disorders · 2026Article
- Willingness to Receive Latent Tuberculosis Infection Treatment Among Migrants in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Article
- Older adults' active mobility choices and their specific preferences and needs for their living environment: an intersectional approach.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Exploring Gender Differences in Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders: A Decade of Research.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Relationship between microplastics in stool, diet, and inflammatory markers in healthy Japanese individuals.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2026Article
- A call for greater attention to embodied change in trans health research.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Extent of the low-density line is associated with time to fracture in children with congenital anterolateral bowing of the tibia: a retrospective survival analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Genomic Era: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology, Precision Diagnostics, Clinical Outcomes, and Emerging Gene-Editing Therapies.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Review
- COVID-19, economic downturn, and long-term trajectories of population mental health: Evidence from two nationally representative British birth cohorts at the intersection of gender and socioeconomic position.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- Reframing the sex debate in scientific research: three frameworks to support rigor without rigidity.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Queering Studies of Health and Bodily Experience: An Example From the Transgender Resilience and Health Study.American journal of biological anthropology · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Along with age and race, sex has historically been a core stratification and control variable in epidemiologic research. While in recent decades research guidelines and institutionalized requirements have incorporated an approach differentiating biological sex from social gender, neither sex nor gender is itself a unidimensional construct. The conflation of dimensions within and between sex and gender presents a validity issue wherein proxy measures are used for dimensions of interest, often without explicit acknowledgement or evaluation. Here, individual-level dimensions of sex and gender are outlined as a guide for epidemiologists, and 2 case studies are presented. The first case study demonstrates how unacknowledged use of a sex/gender proxy for a sexed dimension of interest (uterine status) resulted in decades of cancer research misestimating risks, racial disparities, and age trends. The second illustrates how a multidimensional sex and gender framework may be applied to strengthen research on coronavirus disease 2019 incidence, diagnosis, morbidity, and mortality. Considerations are outlined, including: 1) addressing the match between measures and theory, and explicitly acknowledging and evaluating proxy use; 2) improving measurement across dimensions and social ecological levels; 3) incorporating multidimensionality into research objectives; and 4) interpreting sex, gender, and their effects as biopsychosocial.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.