ArticleActa neurochirurgica2022
The inflammatory response and blood-spinal cord barrier integrity in traumatic spinal cord injury: a prospective pilot study.
Article in Acta neurochirurgica, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biochemical Biomarker Combinations in Human Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: An Exploratory Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Recombinant human DNase treatment mitigates extracellular trap mediated damage and improves long-term recovery after spinal cord injury in male mice.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Mechanisms for Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Repair Following Spinal Cord Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Traumatic spinal cord injury and its correlation to risk of autoimmune/-inflammatory disease.Spinal cord · 2024Article
- Transplantation of miR-145a-5p modified M2 type microglia promotes the tissue repair of spinal cord injury in mice.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- Water channels in the brain and spinal cord-overview of the role of aquaporins in traumatic brain injury and traumatic spinal cord injury.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Wnt signaling pathway in spinal cord injury: from mechanisms to potential applications.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Edema after CNS Trauma: A Focus on Spinal Cord Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTriggering of inflammatory responses and disruption of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) integrity are considered pivotal events in the pathophysiology of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). Yet, these events are poorly understood and described in humans. This study aims to describe inflammatory responses and BSCB integrity in human TSCI.
methodsFifteen TSCI patients and fifteen non-TSCI patients were prospectively recruited from Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Peripheral blood (PB) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected at median day 0 [IQR: 1], median day 9 [IQR: 2], and median day 148 [IQR: 49] after injury. PB and CSF were analyzed for immune cells by flow cytometry, cytokines by multiplex immunoassay, and BSCB integrity by IgG Index.
resultsEleven TSCI patients completed follow-up. Results showed alterations in innate and adaptive immune cell counts over time. TSCI patients had significantly increased cytokine concentrations in CSF at the first and second follow-up, while only concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α remained significantly increased at the third follow-up. In PB, TSCI patients had significantly increased IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 concentrations and significantly decreased interferon-γ concentrations at the first follow-up. Results further showed increased IgG Index indicative of BSCB disruption in seven TSCI patients at the first follow-up, five TSCI patients at the second follow-up, and two patients at the third follow-up.
conclusionsOur results suggest that TSCI mainly triggers innate inflammatory responses that resolves over time, although with some degree of non-resolving inflammation, particularly in CSF. Our results cannot confirm BSCB disruption in all TSCI patients.
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