ArticleFrontiers in psychology2022
Personal space increases during the COVID-19 pandemic in response to real and virtual humans.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Enhancing social functioning using multi-user, immersive virtual reality.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Article
- Neural responses to proxemic distance regulation in urban public spaces in the post-COVID context using a portable electroencephalogram.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Aberrant personal space is associated with paranoia, altered stress regulation, and unfavourable outcomes at 6 months' follow-up in schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- From Mandate to Choice: How Voluntary Mask Wearing Shapes Interpersonal Distance Among University Students After COVID-19.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Identifying factors that contribute to collision avoidance behaviours while walking in a natural environment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Altered representation of peripersonal and interpersonal space in psychopathology.Clinical psychology review · 2024Review
- Arousal responses to personal space intrusions in psychotic illness: A virtual reality study.Schizophrenia research · 2024Article
- Article
- How well do we do social distancing?Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006) · 2024Article
- Social distancing between personal belongings during the COVID-19 pandemic.F1000Research · 2023Article
- Interdigitated Columnar Representation of Personal Space and Visual Space in Human Parietal Cortex.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- Personal space increases during the COVID-19 pandemic in response to real and virtual humans.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Opposing Association of Situational and Chronic Loneliness with Interpersonal Distance.Brain sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Personal space is the distance that people tend to maintain from others during daily life in a largely unconscious manner. For humans, personal space-related behaviors represent one form of non-verbal social communication, similar to facial expressions and eye contact. Given that the changes in social behavior and experiences that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, including "social distancing" and widespread social isolation, may have altered personal space preferences, we investigated this possibility in two independent samples. First, we compared the size of personal space measured before the onset of the pandemic to its size during the pandemic in separate groups of subjects. Personal space size was significantly larger in those assessed during (compared to those assessed before) the onset of the pandemic (all
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.