ArticleThe World Allergy Organization journal2022
Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines update - III - Cow's milk allergens and mechanisms triggering immune activation.
Article in The World Allergy Organization journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association of Fortification with Human Milk versus Bovine Milk-Based Fortifiers on Short-Term Outcomes in Preterm Infants-A Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- The "Survivor Peptide" Hypothesis: Structural Resilience and Immunological Persistence of Food Allergens in the Gut-Mammary Axis.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Health benefits and value addition of bovine colostrum (BC): a comprehensive review of its nutritional and functional potential.Food science of animal resources · 2026Review
- Review
- Functional fermented dairy products: a review of mechanisms, health potential, and technological challenges.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Casein hydrolysates as scaffolds for gold nanocluster bioconjugation.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Infantile Colic: When to Suspect Cow's Milk Allergy.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Characterizing detectable milk protein allergens β-casein and β-lactoglobulin in milk ladder foods.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2025Article
- Cow milk protein allergy mimics in infancy.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2025Review
- Prevalence of Cow's Milk Allergy in Infants from an Urban, Low-Income Population in Chile: A Cohort Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Clinical Phenotypes of Severe Cow's Milk Protein Allergy with Various Responses to Amino Acid-Based Formula.Nutrients · 2025Observational
- Research Progress on Probiotics in Alleviating Cow's Milk Allergy: A Review.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Role of Dairy in Human Nutrition: Myths and Realities.Nutrients · 2025Review
- World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) guideline update - XI - Milk supplement/replacement formulas for infants and toddlers with CMA - Systematic review.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2024Article
- Impacts of people at-risk of either cow milk allergies or lactose intolerance on their daily calcium intake and bone mineral density.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- The future of cow's milk allergy - milk ladders in IgE-mediated food allergy.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Bioactive Dairy-Fermented Products and Phenolic Compounds: Together or Apart.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Immunoglobulin G4 in eosinophilic esophagitis: Immune complex formation and correlation with disease activity.Allergy · 2023Article
- Nutritional Strategies for the Prevention and Management of Cow's Milk Allergy in the Pediatric Age.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Probiotic Bacteria from Human Milk Can Alleviate Oral Bovine Casein Sensitization in Juvenile Wistar Rats.Microorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The immunopathogenesis of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is based on different mechanisms related to immune recognition of protein epitopes, which are affected by industrial processing. Purpose: The purpose of this WAO DRACMA paper is to: (i) give a comprehensive overview of milk protein allergens, (ii) to review their immunogenicity and allergenicity in the context of industrial processing, and (iii) to review the milk-related immune mechanisms triggering IgE-mediated immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, mixed reactions and non-IgE mediated hypersensitivities. Results: The main cow's milk allergens - α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, serum albumin, caseins, bovine serum albumins, and others - may determine allergic reactions through a range of mechanisms. All marketed milk and milk products have undergone industrial processing that involves heating, filtration, and defatting. Milk processing results in structural changes of immunomodulatory proteins, leads to a loss of lipophilic compounds in the matrix, and hence to a higher allergenicity of industrially processed milk products. Thereby, the tolerogenic capacity of raw farm milk, associated with the whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin and their lipophilic ligands, is lost. Conclusion: The spectrum of immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying cow's milk allergy (CMA) is wide. Unprocessed, fresh cow's milk, like human breast milk, contains various tolerogenic factors that are impaired by industrial processing. Further studies focusing on the immunological consequences of milk processing are warranted to understand on a molecular basis to what extent processing procedures make single milk compounds into allergens.
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