ArticleScientific reports2022
The human splenic microcirculation is entirely open as shown by 3D models in virtual reality.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Compartment-specific regulation of stromal differentiation of the spleen in health and disease.Genes and immunity · 2026Review
- The mannose receptor on sinusoidal lining cells mediates two-step bacterial clearance in the human spleen.Nature communications · 2026Article
- From Black Box to Clear Insight: A Systematic Review of Human and Porcine Splenic Ex Vivo Perfusion Models.Cureus · 2026Review
- Targeting macrophages prevents alloantibody-mediated platelet clearance in a murine model of transfusion refractoriness.Blood advances · 2026Article
- The spleen in ischaemic heart disease.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2025Review
- Multisensory Extended Reality Applications Offer Benefits for Volumetric Biomedical Image Analysis in Research and Medicine.Journal of imaging informatics in medicine · 2025Article
- An organotypic atlas of human vascular cells.Nature medicine · 2024Article
- Immature B cell homing shapes human lymphoid tissue structure and function.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Splenic stromal niches in homeostasis and immunity.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The human spleen is equipped with an organ-specific microcirculation. The initial part of the venous circulation is formed by spleen-specific large microvessels, the sinuses. Sinuses eventually fuse to form venules and veins. For more than 170 years there have been debates, whether splenic red pulp capillaries join sinuses, i.e., whether the microcirculation is closed or open-or even simultaneously closed and open. We have now solved this question by three-dimensional reconstruction of a limited number of immunostained serial sections of red and white pulp areas, which were visualized in virtual reality. Splenic capillaries have special end structures exhibiting multiple small diverging endothelial cell processes, which always keep a certain distance to the walls of sinuses. Only very few capillary ends were difficult to diagnose. Positive identification of these end structures permits to conclude that the human splenic microcirculation is entirely open. This is also true for the perifollicular capillary network and for capillaries close to red pulp venules. Follicles are supplied by a relatively dense open perifollicular capillary net, which is primarily, but not exclusively, fed by sheathed and few non-sheathed capillaries from the surrounding red pulp network.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.