ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2022
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and the Risk of Pneumonia and Septic Shock.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- SGLT2 Inhibitors and the Risk of Infections in Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Real-World Evidence.Journal of diabetes research · 2025Pooled it
- Safety and Efficacy of Dapagliflozin in Recurrent Ascites: A Pilot Study.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2025Trial
- Empagliflozin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2023Trial
- Beneficial effects of SGLT1/2 and SGLT2 inhibitors on vaso-occlusive events and organ damage in sickle cell disease mice.Cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and sepsis: a story with two tails or with one tail?Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Association Between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors and Sepsis Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Risk of Infections with SGLT2 Inhibitors Versus DPP4 Inhibitors: A Population-Based Cohort Study Using Antibiotic Dispensing Data.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Article
- Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Inhibition Preserves Apolipoprotein M During Acute Inflammation in Mice and Humans.JACC. Advances · 2025Article
- Late Allograft Loss and Contemporary Cardiorenal Metabolic Therapies.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2025Review
- Effects of Hypoglycemic Agents on Pulmonary Diseases: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Risk of Severe Hypoglycemia After Initiation of Noninsulin Glucose-Lowering Therapies in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes at Moderate Cardiovascular Disease Risk.Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025Article
- SGLT2i use is associated with reduced risks of cardiopulmonary inflammatory complications in cancer patients with diabetes: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Correlation between admission hyperglycemia and postoperative pneumonia after hip fracture surgery: A propensity score-matched study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor in risk of sepsis/septic shock among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus-a retrospective analysis of nationwide medical claims data.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2024Article
- Diabetic Pneumopathy- A Novel Diabetes-associated Complication: Pathophysiology, the Underlying Mechanism and Combination Medication.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- Relative efficacy of five SGLT2 inhibitors: a network meta-analysis of 20 cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Insight on Infections in Diabetic Setting.Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
contextIndividuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have an increased risk of pneumonia and septic shock. Traditional glucose-lowering drugs have recently been found to be associated with a higher risk of infections. It remains unclear whether sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), which have pleiotropic/anti-inflammatory effects, may reduce the risk of pneumonia and septic shock in DM.
methodsMEDLINE, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception up to May 19, 2022, for randomized, placebo-controlled trials of SGLT2i that included patients with DM and reported outcomes of interest (pneumonia and/or septic shock). Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment (using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool) were conducted by independent authors. A fixed-effects model was used to pool the relative risk (RRs) and 95% CI across trials.
resultsOut of 4568 citations, 26 trials with a total of 59 264 patients (1.9% developed pneumonia and 0.2% developed septic shock) were included. Compared with placebo, SGLT2is significantly reduced the risk of pneumonia (pooled RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.78-0.98) and septic shock (pooled RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44-0.95). There was no significant heterogeneity of effect size among trials. Subgroup analyses according to the type of SGLT2i used, baseline comorbidities, glycemic control, duration of DM, and trial follow-up showed consistent results without evidence of significant treatment-by-subgroup heterogeneity (all Pheterogeneity > .10).
conclusionAmong DM patients, SGLT2is reduced the risk of pneumonia and septic shock compared with placebo. Our findings should be viewed as hypothesis generating, with concepts requiring validation in future studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.