ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2022
Correlates of recent overdose among people who inject drugs in the San Diego/Tijuana border region.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Methadone treatment and associated health and social outcomes after a national manufacturing closure in Mexico: a longitudinal observational cohort study in Tijuana.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Multilevel drivers and constraints of shifts from injecting to smoking opioids and stimulants: A qualitative study from the San Diego-Tijuana border region.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- The changing contribution of fentanyl use to non-fatal overdose among a cohort of people who inject drugs in San Diego, California: A longitudinal assessment.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Exploring potential underestimates in fatal overdose mortality across major metropolitan areas in Mexico between 2005 and 2019.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Motivational interviewing to increase drug checking and reduce overdose rates among people who use drugs: protocol for a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation trial of an adjunctive intervention.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A qualitative exploration of the downstream impact of a sustained disruption to the methadone supply in Mexico: effects on the mental, financial, and social health of patients with opioid use disorder in Tijuana.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Modeling the impact of changing drug markets and structural determinants on HCV and/or HIV transmission among people who inject drugs in the United States: A rural and urban comparison.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Naloxone distribution amidst shifting drug use patterns: Insights from a needs-based syringe services program.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Frequency of Fentanyl Exposure in Emergency Department Patients With Illicit Drug Use.Annals of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Safe Injection Self-Efficacy is Associated with HCV and HIV Seropositivity Among People Who Inject Drugs in the San Diego-Tijuana Border Region.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Xylazine abuse, the growing risk: A review of its effects, upsurge use and associated fatalities in the USA and Puerto Rico.Journal of forensic and legal medicine · 2024Review
- Spatial Heterogeneity in Fatal Overdose Rate Trends in Mexican Cities: 2005-2021.American journal of public health · 2024Article
- Changes in injecting versus smoking heroin, fentanyl, and methamphetamine among people who inject drugs in San Diego, California, 2020-2023.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Safe Injection Self-Efficacy is associated with HCV and HIV seropositivity among people who inject drugs in the San Diego-Tijuana border region.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Drug checking in the fentanyl era: Utilization and interest among people who inject drugs in San Diego, California.The International journal on drug policy · 2023Article
- Intersections between syndemic conditions and stages along the continuum of overdose risk among women who inject drugs in Mexicali, Mexico.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- "Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlong the Mexico-US border, illicitly manufactured fentanyls (fentanyl) have been detected in other illicit drugs, including street opioid formulations known as 'china white.' We studied correlates of recent overdose among people who inject drugs (PWID), focusing on the risk of knowlingly or unknowingly using fentanyl in china white.
methodsFrom October 2020 - September, 2021 we surveyed participants in San Diego, California and Tijuana, Mexico and employed Poisson regression to identify correlates of recent overdose.
resultsOf 612 PWID, most were male (74.0 %), Latinx (71.9 %), US residents (67.0 %). Mean age was 43 years. In the last six months, 15.8 % experienced overdose, 31.0 % knowingly used fentanyl and 11.1 % used china white, of whom 77.9 % did not think it contained fentanyl. After controlling for sex and race, factors independently associated with risk of overdose included knowingly using fentanyl, using china white and not believing it contained fentanyl, recent drug rehabilitation, being stopped/arrested by police, and homelessness. Further, PWID who believed china white contained fentanyl were less likely to use it.
conclusionsBoth intentional fentanyl use and unintentional exposure to fentanyl via china white were associated with overdose risk; however, PWID who believed china white contained fentanyl were less likely to use it. These data suggest that advanced drug checking systems should be implemented to empower PWID to avoid dangerous street formulations or to plan their drug use knowing its contents. Other overdose risk factors such as decreased tolerance following drug treatment, police interactions, and homelessness also require urgent intervention.
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