ReviewThe Indian journal of radiology & imaging2022
Developmental Anomalies of the Inferior Vena Cava and its Tributaries: What the Radiologist Needs to Know?
Review in The Indian journal of radiology & imaging, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Left Renal Vein Pseudo-Fenestration.Reports (MDPI) · 2026Article
- Extreme Variability of the Kidney Hilar Architecture: A Radioanatomical Map to Guide Surgical Approaches.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Intrapulmonary course of the inferior vena cava: a rare congenital anomaly.BJR case reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism: Considerations for the Interventional Radiologist.Seminars in interventional radiology · 2025Review
- An In-Depth Review of the Azygos Vein and Its Clinical Significance.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Transposition of the inferior vena cava with hemiazygos continuation: A rare case report.Radiology case reports · 2024Article
- Venous anomalies: an underrecognized but important cause of venous thromboembolism.Blood vessels, thrombosis & hemostasis · 2024Article
- Processing Ultrasound Scans of the Inferior Vena Cava: Techniques and Applications.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Leadless pacemaker implantation and azygos continuation in the inferior vena cava: a case description.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inferior vena cava (IVC) can be involved by a wide gamut of developmental anomalies owing to its complex embryogenesis. Developmental anomalies of the IVC are not infrequent, seen in approximately 8.7% of the general population. Although most of the anatomical variations are asymptomatic, identification of these variations is important before planning any vascular surgery or interventional procedure in relation to the IVC to avoid inadvertent complications. Conventional venography has largely been replaced by noninvasive cross-sectional imaging modalities for detecting IVC abnormalities. Ultrasonography, often used for initial evaluation, is highly operator-dependent and the infrarenal part of IVC is often obscured by bowel gases. While magnetic resonance imaging is devoid of radiation risks, its use is limited due to limited availability and the frequent need for sedation. Computed tomography (CT) venography plays a pivotal role in the detection of these anomalies as it has an excellent spatial resolution along with availability of multiple postprocessing tools such as multiplanar reconstruction with generation of maximum intensity projection and volume-rendered images. This pictorial review focuses on the embryogenesis of IVC, various developmental anomalies of the IVC and its tributaries, their appearance on CT venography and conceivable clinical relevance.
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